1、Designation: E276 03 (Reapproved 2008)1E276 13Standard Test Method forParticle Size or Screen Analysis at No. 4 (4.75-mm) Sieveand Finer for Metal-Bearing Ores and Related Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E276; the number immediately following the designation indicates t
2、he year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEEditorial corrections were made throughout in September
3、 2008.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the size distribution by screen analysis, dry or wet, of metal-bearing ores andrelated materials at No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and finer.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI values given in parenthe
4、ses are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
5、applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control i
6、n the Chemical Analysis Laboratory3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology E135.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is passed through a bank of standard sieves by agitation. The dry screening technique described in this testmetho
7、d may be used on any solid particles that can be dried so that sieve blinding does not occur. The wet screening techniqueusing liquid media may be used on any insoluble solids.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended to be used for compliance with compositional specifications for part
8、icle size distribution. It isassumed that all who use this procedure will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory practices skillfully andsafely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures willbe followed
9、. Follow appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 U.S. Standard Sieves, conforming to the requirements of Specification E11.6.2 Mechanical Sieve Shaker.6.3 Drying Oven, of appropriate size and capable of maintaining a uniform temperatu
10、re at 110 C 6 5 C.110 C 6 5 C.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.02 on Ores, Concentrates, and Related Metallurgical Materials.Current edition approved
11、Sept. 1, 2008Oct. 1, 2013. Published September 2008November 2013. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20032008as E276 03.E276 03 (2008)1. DOI: 10.1520/E0276-03R08E01.10.1520/E0276-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Custom
12、er Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the
13、previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright AST
14、M International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.4 Sample Splitter or Riffle with 1-in. (25.4-mm) opening.6.5 Scales and Weights, of adequate accuracy.6.6 Pans, for holding samples.6.7 Brass and Fiber Bristle Brushes, for cleaning sieves and pans
15、.6.8 Special Apparatus, for wet screening, including deep-frame sieves.6.9 Water or other liquid, for wet screening.7. Sample Preparation7.1 If necessary, reduce the sample by riffling or other suitable means to obtain a test sample that will not overload the sieves,and dry at 110 C 6 5 C to constan
16、t weight. 110 C 6 5 C to constant mass. Constant mass is obtained when an additional hourdrying at 110 C 6 5 C does not cause a change greater than 0.05 % mass.NOTE 1The size of the sample is very important in sieve analysis because the number of particles on a sieve surface affects the probability
17、of anyone particle passing through the sieve at a given time. The more particles there are on a sieve, the greater probability that any one particle is hinderedfrom getting into a position to pass through the opening. Avoid overloading the sieves.7.2 Screen the test sample from 7.1 on a No. 4 (4.75-
18、mm) sieve. Weigh the material retained on the No. 4 sieve. Record mass.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Clean coarse sieves up to No. 80 (180 m) with a soft brass wire brush and clean the finer sieves with a fiber brush. Cleanby brushing the under side of the sieves. Gently tap the brass frame to aid
19、in freeing trapped particles.At times, it may be necessaryto wash the sieves in a warm soap and water solution. After washing, dry the sieves thoroughly. If wet screening is to be used,nest selected special deep-frame sieves after cleaning as described.NOTE 2As an alternative, ultrasonic cleaning of
20、 sieves is recommended.9. Standardization of Sieves9.1 Calibrate the sieves by use of calibrated glass spheres. Standard glass spheres are available through the National Instituteof Standards and Technology (NIST) and other international standardization organizations.9.2 Use of the microscopic metho
21、d in the appendix of Specification E11 is also permissible to assure that the sieves meetspecification.10. Procedure10.1 Dry Screening:10.1.1 For Samples Containing Less than 10 % 10 % Passing a No. 200 (75-m) SieveNest the selected sieves and fit a panbelow the bottom sieve. Place the material whic
22、h passed the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve from 7.2, in the top sieve. Cover and clampthe nested sieves in the mechanical shaker and shake for the time interval specified in 10.1.3.10.1.2 For Samples Containing More than 10 % 10 % Passing a No. 200 (75-m) SieveWash the material which passed theNo. 4 (4.75-m
23、m) sieve from 7.2 on a No. 200 (75-m) sieve until the solution passing through the sieve is clear (see 10.2). Savethe material passing the sieve. Dry the sieve fractions in accordance with 10.2.4.2 and process the retained fraction in accordancewith 10.1.1.10.1.3 Length of Screening Time or End Poin
24、tThe screening time or end point is when additional periods of shaking fail tochange the results on any sieve used in the test by more than 0.3 %. The screening time may vary from 3 min to 30 min or moredepending on the type of material. Determine the exact time for each material experimentally.10.1
25、.4 WeighingRemove the clamp and cover. Transfer the contents of each sieve to a tared pan, tapping and brushing thesieves to remove any lodged particles. Record the weightmass of each sieve fraction.10.1.4.1 Weigh and record the mass of the material washed on a No. 200 (75-m) sieve, as described in
26、10.1.2 and submittedto wet screening as described in 10.2, the same as in the other sieves.10.1.5 CalculationSum the weightsmasses of each of the sieve fractions. The total shall be within 1 % of the weightmass ofthe original test sample or the analysis must be repeated from 7.1 with another test sa
27、mple. The weightmass of the test sample usedfor calculation is the total of the sieve fractions. Calculate the percent retained on each sieve as follows:Material retained,%5Wr/Wt! 3100 (1)where:Wr = mass retained on each sieve, andWt = total mass of all sieve fractions.Calculate the percent passing
28、the finest sieve as follows:Material passing,%5Wp/Wt! 3100 (2)E276 132where:Wp = mass passing the finest sieve, retained on a pan or filter, andWt = total mass of all sieve fractions.Obtain the percent cumulative by adding each percent retained on each sieve as the series progresses.10.1.6 Report:10
29、.1.6.1 Report the following data: sieve size, weightmass retained on or passing through sieve, percent retained on sieve, andpercent cumulative.10.1.6.2 Present the data of a screen analysis graphically as a cumulative direct plot or a cumulative logarithmic plot. From theplots, the percentages rema
30、ining on any set of openings other than those of the testing sieves used, can be found by interpolationand in this way the redistribution of the same material by any assumed set of openings can be determined.10.2 Wet Screening:10.2.1 Wet screening can be carried out on a single sieve by hand washing
31、 or through use of a mechanical shaker. Similarly,a nest of screens can be used preferably through use of a specially adapted mechanical shaker.10.2.2 Washing of a sample on a single sieve causes the finest particles to be removed quickly from the larger or coarserparticles. It also has the advantag
32、e of breaking up aggregates of fine particles and removing the slime coatings from coarseparticles, making a product more amenable to dry sieve analysis. The liquid used for washing is generally water, but for specificcases some other nonreacting liquid can be used. Dry the retained fraction and ret
33、urn to the sieve or nest of sieves for dry screeningas described in 10.1.10.2.3 For more accuracy or reproducibility of tests, use a controlled volume of liquid. To accomplish the results required, aset volume of liquid cannot be determined to meet all conditions, but through experimentation for spe
34、cific cases, such requirementscan be accomplished.10.2.4 Single Screen Testing:10.2.4.1 Place the material which passed the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve from 7.2 in a deep-frame sieve. Wash the material on thescreen in accordance with 10.2. Continue washing until the liquid passing the sieve is clear.10.2.
35、4.2 DryingWash the material on the sieve into a drying pan. Dry in an oven at 110 C 6 5 C. Recover the material fromthe retained washings by using a filter press or by evaporation, then dry in an oven at 110 C 6 5 C.10.2.4.3 Weighing, Calculation, and ReportTransfer the contents of the sieve to a ta
36、red pan as described in 10.1.4 and weigh.Calculate and report the data as described in 10.1.5 and 10.1.6.10.2.5 Multiple Screen Testing:10.2.5.1 Nest the selected deep-frame sieves and fit a pan containing a drain pipe to the bottom sieve. Place the material passingthe No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve from 7.2
37、 into the top sieve. Place a sieve cover equipped with two inlet pipes on the top sieve and clampthe nested sieves in the mechanical shaker. Connect the inlet pipe to the liquid supply and the drain pipe to a collection container.Start the mechanical shaker and turn on the liquid supply. Continue th
38、e washing until the discharge liquid is clear. Turn off theliquid supply and allow the shaker to continue operation for a few minutes.10.2.5.2 Remove the sieves from the shaker, and dry the sieve fractions in accordance with 10.2.4.2.10.2.5.3 Weighing, Calculation, and ReportTransfer the contents of
39、 the sieves to tared pans as described in 10.1.4 and weigh.Calculate and report the data as described in 10.1.5 and 10.1.6.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionIt is generally agreed that errors in screening arise from the way in which screening is done. Selection of thesample loading of the sieves,
40、sieves themselves, and the final weighing, all influence the reproducibility or accuracy of screening.Some particle wear occurs, but for the No. 4 and finer sieves, this wear is usually insignificant. Brittleness, hardness, weight ofcharge, and the mode of operation of the mechanical shaker influenc
41、e slightly the results of the test. It is agreed, however, thatnormally any variations due to these factors would not effectively alter the results of the test. The size and shape of the particlessignificantly influence the probability of passing when sizes of aperture and particle are close. Screen
42、ing time is important, but itcannot be said that a specific time of screening should be used for all types of materials. End point of time of screening for differentmaterials is to be established by experimentation.11.2 If the sample is known to contain naturally occurring ferromagnetic material, it
43、 shall be demagnetized in a 60-Hz field ofnot less than 300 Oe.11.3 It is not practicable to specify the precision of the procedure in this test method because the precision is related to thequantity of sample tested, the distribution of particles and the shape of the particles, which vary for each
44、type of material tested.11.4 BiasNo information on the accuracy of this test method is known. The accuracy of this test method as measured bycalibration of sieves using standard reference materials, is not directly transferable to metal-bearing ores and related materials.12. Keywords12.1 analyzing;
45、ores; particle size; related materials; screen analysisE276 133APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SUMMARY OF U.S. SIEVE, TYLER SCREEN, AND ISO EQUIVALENTSU.S. Standard Sieve No. Tyler Screen Number,meshISO Designation4 4 4.75 mm5 5 4.00 mm6 6 3.35 mm7 7 2.80 mm8 8 2.36 mm10 9 2.00 mm12 10 1.70 mm
46、14 12 1.40 mm16 14 1.18 mm18 16 1.00 mm20 20 850 m25 24 710 m30 28 600 m35 32 500 m40 35 425 m45 42 355 m50 48 300 m60 60 250 m70 65 212 m80 80 180 m100 100 150 m120 115 125 m140 150 106 m170 170 90 m200 200 75 m230 250 63 m270 270 53 m325 325 45 m400 400 38 mASTM International takes no position res
47、pecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This
48、standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Interna
49、tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by cont
