1、Designation: E279 97 (Reapproved 2010)E279 18Standard Test Method forDetermination of Abrasion Resistance of Iron Ore PelletsPellets, Lump, and Sinter by the Tumbler Test1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E279; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a relative measure of the resistance
3、 of iron ore pellets pellets, lump, and sinter to degradation byimpact and by abrasion.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversionsto inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered stand
4、ard.1.3 Results given by this test method should be similar to those from ISO 3271 (see Appendix X1 for details).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate sa
5、fety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Deve
6、lopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE135 Terminol
7、ogy Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE276 Test Method for Particle Size or Screen Analysis at No. 4 (4.75-mm) Sieve and Finer for Metal-Bearing Ores and RelatedMaterialsE389 Test Method for Particle Size or Screen Analysis at No. 4 (4.75-mm) Sieve and Coarser f
8、or Metal-Bearing Ores andRelated MaterialsE877 Practice for Sampling and Sample Preparation of Iron Ores and Related Materials for Determination of ChemicalComposition and Physical PropertiesE882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3
9、271 Iron ores for blast furnace and direct reduction feedstocks Determination of the tumble and abrasion indices3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology E135.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is placed in a tumbler drum which is rotat
10、ed. The tumbled material is removed and screened to determine thedegradation.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.02 on Ores, Concentrates, and Related Me
11、tallurgical Materials.Current edition approved June 15, 2010April 1, 2018. Published July 2010June 2018. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 asE279 97 (2005).(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E0279-97R10.10.1520/E0279-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, w
12、ww.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Bl
13、andonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately dep
14、ict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
15、428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is a comparative method intended primarily to test materials for compliance with compositionalspecifications or for monitoring. It is assumed that all who use these procedures will be trained analysts capable of performingcommon lab
16、oratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratoryand that proper waste disposal procedures will be followed. Appropriate quality control practices must be followed such as thosedescribed in Guide E882.5.2 This test method is used t
17、o monitor the feed to blast furnaces and gas-based direct reduction plants for process control.6. Apparatus6.1 Tumbler Apparatus, as shown in Fig. 1, shall be a circular drum 914 mm (36 in.) in inside diameter and 457 mm (18 in.)in inside length constructed of steel plate at least 6.3 mm (14 in.) in
18、 thickness. The drum shall be replaced whenever the thicknessof the plate is reduced by wear to 3.18 mm (18 in.) in any area. Two equally spaced steel angle lifters, 50.8 mm by 50.8 mm by6.35 mm 6.3 mm (2 in. by 2 in. by 14 in.) shall be solidly attached longitudinally inside the drum by riveting in
19、 such a manner asto prevent accumulation of material between the lifter and drum. Preferably, one of the lifters shall be attached to the door for easeof sample removal. The lifters shall be fastened so that the attached legs point away from the direction of rotation, thus giving aclear unobstructed
20、 shelf for lifting the sample. The lifters shall be replaced when the wear is such that the shelf measures less than47.6 mm (178 in.). The door shall be so constructed as to fit into the drum to form a smooth inner surface and during the test shallbe rigidly fastened to prevent any loss of the sampl
21、e. The drum shall be rotated on stub axles about 38.1 mm (112 in.) in diameterattached to the ends of the drum by means of flanges welded or bolted so as to provide smooth inner surfaces. The apparatus shallbe fitted with a revolution counter and, preferably, with an automatic device to stop the dru
22、m after 200 revolutions.6.2 SievesSquare-mesh sieves having the following designations are needed: 2-in. (50-mm); 150-mm (2-in.); 37.5-mm(112-in. (37.5-mm); -in.); 19-mm (34-in. (19.0-mm); -in.); 12.5-mm (12-in. (12.5-mm); -in.); 9.5-mm (38-in. (9.5-mm); -in);6.3-mm. (14-in. (6.3-mm); and No. 30 (60
23、0-m).-in); and 600-m (No. 30, 0.0232-in.).6.3 ScalesThe scales used for weighing the sample shall be sensitive to 23 g (0.05 lb).6.4 Riffle, Rifflehaving The riffle shall have a 37.5-mm (112-in.) opening.7. Preparation of Sample7.1 Sample Size: Size and Size DistributionAll samples must be split to
24、make representative samples of the appropriate size.This is typically done using a riffler. See Practice E877 for details on proper riffler selection and use.7.1.1 PelletsPellets: Use a 11.3-kg 6 0.23-kg (25-lb 6 0.5-lb) sample of 38.1-mm by 6.35-mm (112 by 14-in.) pellets driedto constant weight of
25、 105 C to 110 C. Prepare by riffling the gross samples of pellets retained on the 14-in. (6.3-mm) sieve to11.3 kg (25 lb). The riffle should have 37.5-mm (112-in.) openings in accordance with Practice E877.7.1.1.1 Agross sample of the pellets must be collected. Sample size shall be sufficient to obt
26、ain approximately 45.4-kg (100-lb)of pellets that will pass a 37.5-mm (112-in.), and be retained on a 6.3-mm (14-in.) square-mesh sieve. For pellets with more than10 % larger than 12.7-mm (12-in.) the riffle opening should be three times larger than the largest single pellet to pass through theriffl
27、e.NOTE 1The gross sample collected shall be sufficient to obtain approximately 45.4 kg (100 lb) of pellets that will pass a 112-in. (37.5-mm), and beretained on a 14-in. (6.3-mm) square-mesh sieve. For pellets with more than 10 weight % larger than 12.7-mm (12-in.) the riffle opening should be three
28、times larger than the largest single pellet to pass through the riffle.FIG. 1 Tumbler Test ApparatusE279 1827.1.1.2 Use an 11.3-kg 6 0.23-kg (25-lb 6 0.5-lb) sample of 38.1-mm by 6.3-mm (112-in. by 14-in.) pellets dried to constantmass at 105 C to 110 C for each test. Prepare by riffling the gross s
29、ample of pellets retained on the 6.3-mm (14-in.) sieve to 11.3kg (25 lb).7.1.2 SinterSinter/Lump: Use a 11.3-kg 6 0.23-kg (25-lb 6 0.5-lb) sample of 50.8-mm by 9.51-mm (2-in. by 38-in.) sinter.Prepare by taking proportionate weights of each size according to the screen analysis made by sieving the g
30、ross sample through2-in. (50-mm), 34-in. (19.0-mm), 12-in. (12.5-mm), and 38-in. (9.5-mm) sieves in accordance with Test Method E389.7.1.2.1 The gross sample of the sinter or lump must be collected. Sample size shall be sufficient to obtain approximately 45.4-kg(100-lb) of sinter or lump that will p
31、ass a 50-mm (2-in.), and be retained on a 9.5-mm (38-in.) square-mesh sieve.NOTE 2The gross sample collected shall be sufficient to obtain approximately 45.4 kg (100 lb) of sinter which will pass a 2-in. (50-mm), and beretained on 38-in. (9.5-mm) square-mesh sieve.7.1.2.2 Use an 11.3-kg 6 0.23-kg (2
32、5-lb 6 0.5-lb) sample of 50.8-mm by 9.51-mm (2-in. by 38-in.) sinter or lump. Prepareby taking proportionate masses of each size according to the screen analysis made by sieving the gross sample through 50-mm(2-in.), 19.0-mm (34-in.), 12.5-mm (12-in.), and 9.5-mm (38-in.) sieves in accordance with T
33、est Method E389.8. Procedure8.1 Place the 11.3-kg (25-lb) sample into the tumbler drum. Rigidly fasten the door and rotate the drum at 24 rpm 6 1 rpm fora total of 200 revolutions. Then remove all of the material from the drum and hand sieve it on 14-in. (6.3-mm)6.3-mm (14 andNo. 30 (600-m) -in.) an
34、d 600-m (No. 30, 0.0232-in.) sieves. Separately weigh and record the amount of sample retained on the14-in. (6.3-mm)6.3-mm (14-in.) sieve, the amount retained on the No. 30 (600-m) 600-m (No. 30, 0.0232-in.) sieve, and theamount passing the No. 30 (600-m) 600-m (No. 30, 0.0232-in.) sieve in accordan
35、ce with Test Methods E276 and E389.Mechanical sieving may be used, provided it has been established that the method gives the same results as hand sieving.9. Number of Tests9.1 At least two tests shall be made on each pellet sample. If the differences between the values obtained exceed 0.4 units int
36、he cumulative percentage over the 14-in. (6.3-mm)6.3-mm (14-in.) or the No. 30 (600-m) 600-m (No. 30, 0.0232-in.) sieve, atleast one further test shall be made and the mean value of all tests taken.9.2 At least two tests shall be made on each sintersinter/lump sample. If the differences between the
37、values obtained exceed2.0 units in the cumulative percentages over the 14-in. (6.3-mm)6.3-mm (14-in.) or the No. 30 (600-m) 600-m (No. 30,0.0232-in.) sieve, at least one further test shall be made and the mean value of all tests taken.9.3 The total loss in weightmass in any one test may not exceed 0
38、.7 weight %0.7 mass % of the initial sample weight.mass. Ifthe total loss in weightmass exceeds 0.7 %, the test shall be rejected.10. Report10.1 The sieve analysis after tumbler test shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 % as the percent on the 14-in. (6.3-mm)6.3-mm(14-in.) sieve and the percent pass
39、ing the No. 30 (600-m) 600-m (No. 30, 0.0232-in.) sieve.10.2 Rounding of test results obtained using this test method shall be performed in accordance with Practice E29, RoundingMethods, unless an alternative rounding method is specified by the customer or applicable material specification.11. Preci
40、sion and Bias11.1 It is not possible to specify the precision of the procedure in this test method for abrasion resistance because of thevariability of the material at the sampling location and the lack of precision data for the sieving standard used. It is important toretain this procedure as a sta
41、ndard due to the specifications of the mechanical controls in the procedure.11.2 No information can be presented on the bias of the procedure in this test method for measuring abrasion resistance sinceno material having an accepted reference value is available.12. Keywords12.1 abrasion resistance; l
42、ump; iron ore; pellets; sinterE279 183APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. COMPARISON BETWEEN THIS TEST METHOD AND ISO 3271X1.1 The equipment used, experimental method, and results for this test method and ISO 3271 are listed in Table X1.1. Noticethat all parameters are very close. Essentially the
43、inch-pound unit parameters used in this test method were rounded up to theeven-numbered SI equivalents in ISO 3271.X1.2 In the only known comparison study, researchers at the Iron Ore Company of Canada found a linear relationship betweenTABLE X1.1 Comparison of Test Method E279 and ISO 3271Test Meth
44、od E279 ISO 3271Applicable to Pellets, Lump,and Sinter Lump, Sinter,Hot-Bonded PelletsSize range of feed,mmPellets 38.1 + 6.3 40 + 6.3Sinter/Lump 50 + 9.5 40 + 10Test Sample Size/Overall Split, kg11.3, split 45.2 15, split 60Pretreatment dried 105 C - 110 C dried at 105 C 5 CSteel DrumThickness, mm
45、6.3 5.0Internal Diameter, mm 914 1000Internal Length, mm 457 500L-Shaped Lifters 2 2Flat Height,mm mm50.8 50.8 50 50Thickness, mm 6.3 5.0Length, mm 457 500Maintenance replace when:Thickness of Plate,mm3.18 3.0Height of LifterShelf, mm47.6 47.0Test MethodSample Size, kg 11.3 15Rotational Speed,rpm24
46、25Total Revolutions 200 200AnalysisLarge Screen Size,mm6.3 6.3Small Screen Size,m600 500Tumble Index, TI % on the 6.3 mm screen mass over 6.3 mm/totalAbrasion Index, AI % passing 600 m screen mass not on 6.3 mm or 500m screen/totalRepeatabilityMaximum DifferenceAllowed BetweenMeasurementsPermissible
47、Repeatability (r),AbsoluteTI 0.4 % (pellet),2 % (sinter/lump)1.40 %AI 0.4 % (pellet), 2 % (sinter) 0.80 %3rd test if limit, at leastone further test1.2 r4th test further tests iftoo much mass lost1.3 rE279 184tumble indexes determined following use of this test method versus ISO 3271. The index was
48、a few percent higher for the resultsof this test method, which is reasonable since the ISO 3271 tumble drum is slightly longer with a bit greater diameter than the drumused in this test method, rotated a bit longer, apparently resulting in more breakage and a lower index.ASTM International takes no
49、position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.
