1、Designation: E 280 98 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Reference Radiographs forHeavy-Walled (412 to 12-in. 114 to 305-mm) Steel Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEEditorial changes wer
3、e made throughout in January 2004.1. Scope1.1 These reference radiographs2for heavy-walled steelcastings are applicable to nominal section thicknesses of 412 to12 in. 114 to 305 mm and consists of two sets as follows:1.1.1 2-MV X rays and Cobalt-60This includes cobalt-60or equivalent isotope radiati
4、on and from 2 MV up to 4 MV Xrays. Set of 28 plates in 812 by 11 in. 216 by 279 mm ringbinders.1.1.2 4-MV to 30-MV X rays.1.1.3 Each set consists of three categories of graded discon-tinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories ofungraded discontinuities furnished as examples only,
5、as fol-lows:1.1.3.1 Category AGas porosity; severity levels 1 through5.1.1.3.2 Category BSand and slag inclusions; severitylevels 1 through 5.1.1.3.3 Category CShrinkage; 3 types:(1) Type 1Severity levels 1 through 5.(2) Type 2Severity levels 1 through 5.(3) Type 3Severity levels 1 through 5.1.1.3.4
6、 Category DCrack; one illustration D5 in pre-1972documents.1.1.3.5 Category EHot tear; one illustration D3 in pre-1972 documents.1.1.3.6 Category FInsert; one illustration EB2 in pre-1972 documents.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its u
7、se. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructi
8、ve Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:4Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12-in. 114to 305-mm) Steel Castings:Volume I, 2-MV X Rays and Cobalt-605Volume II, 4-MV to 30-MV X Ray63. Terminology3.1 Definitionsfor definitions of terms used in this docu-ment, see Terminology E 1316, section D.4. S
9、ignificance and Use4.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of origi-nal radiographs and are supplied as a means for establishing thecategories and severity levels of discontinuities in steel cast-ings that may be revealed by radiographic examination. Theymay be used in accordance with cont
10、ractual specifications.4.2 Radiographs for evaluation are to be compared withthese reference radiographs for classification on the basis of thecategory and severity level of the discontinuity.4.3 The use of this document is not intended to be restrictedto the specific energy level or to the absolute
11、 thickness limitsthat are contained in the document title. The title is intended tobe descriptive, not restrictive. The document may be usedwhere there is no other applicable document, for other energy1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeE07 on Nondestructive Test
12、ing and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE07.02 on Reference Radiographs.Current edition approved January 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 280 - 98.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related
13、ReferenceRadiographs SE 280 in Section V of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Availa
14、ble from ASTM Headquarters.5Order RRE028001.6Order RRE028002.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Jun 24 01:56:29 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to
15、License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.levels or thicknesses, or both, for which agreement has beenreached between purchaser and manufacture.5. Method of Preparation5.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the accompa-nying reference radiographs were produced on high contrast,fin
16、e grain film by the respective use of radiation energies statedin 1.1.1 and 1.1.2. The radiographs were made with a penet-rameter sensitivity as determined by ASTM penetrameters (seeGuide E 94) of 2-2T. The reproductions have been prepared toan optical density of 2.00 to 2.25 and they have retaineds
17、ubstantially the contrast of the original radiographs.5.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject towear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which theimage deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-graph films
18、are no exception and may exhibit a loss in imagequality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-odically examined for signs of wear and tear, includingscratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear whichcould influence t
19、he interpretation and use of the radiographsshould be replaced.6. Determination of Radiographic Classification6.1 For purposes of evaluation of castings, a determinationmust be made of the radiographic classification to be assignedto individual castings or specific areas of castings. The deter-minat
20、ion of the applicable radiographic-severity classificationshall be based on an evaluation of the casting applications,design, and service requirements. In these evaluations, consid-eration shall be given to such factors as pressure, temperature,section thickness, applicable design safety factor, vib
21、ration,shock, resistance to corrosion, involvement of penetratingradiations or radiation products, and involvement of dangerousgases or liquids.7. Classification Specifications7.1 The applicable radiographic severity level should bedesignated for each discontinuity type by the contractingagency in f
22、ormal specifications or drawings and in the specificcontract or order. For each casting, the level should beseparately specified for each discontinuity type. For example,in the same casting. Severity Level 2 might be specified forshrinkage defects Type 3 and Severity Level 4 for gas porositydefects
23、(Category A). The specifications, drawings, contract, ororder should also designate the sampling plan for the castingsto be radiographed and the extent of radiographic coverage.8. Procedure for Evaluation8.1 Compare the production radiographs of the castingsubmitted for evaluation with the reference
24、 radiographs ofsimilar thickness that were exposed at an equivalent energyrange.8.2 When the severity level of discontinuities in the produc-tion radiograph being evaluated is equal to or better than theseverity level in the specified reference radiograph, that part ofthe casting represented by the
25、production radiograph shall beacceptable. If the production radiograph shows discontinuitiesof greater severity than the reference radiograph, that part ofthe casting shall be rejected.8.3 An area of like size to the reference radiograph shall bethe unit area by which the production radiograph is ev
26、aluated,and any such area or any area that shares a discontinuity withan adjacent film area shall meet the requirements as defined foracceptability. When the area of interest of a productionradiograph is less than the unit area, such area of interest shallbe prorated to the reference radiographic ar
27、ea.8.4 When two or more categories of discontinuity arepresent in the same production radiograph, the predominatingdiscontinuities, if unacceptable, shall govern without regard tothe other categories of discontinuities, and the casting rejecteduntil satisfactorily repaired.8.5 When two or more categ
28、ories of discontinuity arepresent to an extent equal to the maximum permissible level asshown in the pertinent standards for each category, then thatpart of the casting shall be judged unacceptable until satisfac-torily repaired.8.6 Reference radiographs are provided showing a varietyof forms of shr
29、inkage cavities. Production radiographs show-ing shrinkage shall be judged by the most representativereference radiograph.8.7 Production radiographs showing porosity, gas, or inclu-sions shall be evaluated by the overall condition with regard tosize, number, and distribution. The aggregate size of d
30、isconti-nuities shall not exceed the total accumulation in area of thediscontinuities of the reference radiograph. It is not the intentthat the maximum size of the illustrated discontinuity shall bethe limiting size for a single production radiographic discon-tinuity, or that the number of discontin
31、uities shown on thereference radiograph shall be the limiting number of produc-tion radiographs. Also, caution should be exercised in judginga large discontinuity against a collection of small discontinui-ties on the basis of size alone. Each of the factors of size,number, and distribution must be c
32、onsidered in balance.8.8 Reference radiographs in this standard do not illustrateelongated or “worm hole” type of gas discontinuities. Whenthis condition occurs in a production radiograph, it shall beevaluated by comparison with the most representative refer-ence radiograph.8.8.1 When the source has
33、 been placed perpendicular to thelength of the gas hole, evaluate the production radiograph witha shrinkage reference radiograph.8.8.2 When the source has been placed diametrically or“into” the diameter of the gas hole, evaluate the productionradiograph with a gas reference radiograph.8.9 A diffract
34、ion mottling pattern can occur on radiographsof parts and sections where the grain size is large enough to bean appreciable fraction of the material thickness. However,diffraction mottling is not likely to occur in materials within thethickness range of this standard.8.10 Hot tears and cracks exhibi
35、ted on production radio-graphs may at times resemble linear type shrinkage. Whendoubt exists whether such indications are cracks or tears, or arelinear shrinkage, all surfaces in the area of interest shall beground and magnetic particle or liquid penetrant inspected asapplicable. The extent and dept
36、h of grinding may requireE 280 98 (2004)e12Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Jun 24 01:56:29 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.engineering judgment. If the indication does not appear on thesurface, it shal
37、l be considered to be shrinkage.8.11 The radiographic density of discontinuities in compari-son with background density is a variable dependent ontechnical factors. It shall not be used as a criterion foracceptance or rejection in comparison with reference radio-graphs.9. Keywords9.1 castings; disco
38、ntinuities; gamma ray; reference radio-graphs; steel; x-rayASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such pat
39、ent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited eit
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41、hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this stand
42、ard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 280 98 (2004)e13Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Jun 24 01:56:29 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
