1、Designation: E 284 08Standard Terminology ofAppearance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year
2、 of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONAppearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance inmany arts, industries, and scientific disciplines. Appearance terms are used
3、in a wide range of ASTMstandards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. Thepurpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definition repo
4、rts existing usage,whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement ofASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard aretaken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of leadership
5、 in usage.Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (seeReferences), as well as otherASTM terminology standards, have been considered for inclusion in thisterminology standard. An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity, precis
6、ion,and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement andspecification of appearance.Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in thedescription of appearance
7、, including but not limited to color,gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both mate-rials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources(including visual display units).1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance that this terminology standard incl
8、ude importantterms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not theterms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that arein common use and appear in common-language dictionaries(see Refs (14)2) are generally not included, except when thedictionaries show multiple definitions and it se
9、ems desirable toindicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies con-siderably. In some cases, different usage of a term in differentfields has been noted.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and
10、RelatedProductsC 286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel andCeramic-Metal SystemsC 460 Terminology for Asbestos-Cement4D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials,and ApplicationsD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Saybolt
11、 Chromometer Method)D 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Depositsby Chemical Microscopy1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
12、 Committee E12 on Colorand Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.01 onTerminology.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E 284 07.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a lis
13、t of references at the end oftext.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn.1*A Summary of C
14、hanges section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-temD 1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose DerivativesD 1889 Test Method
15、for Turbidity of Water4D 2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-tometryE 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE 135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Refle
16、ction and Transmission Properties ofMaterialsE 313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and WhitenessIndices from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesE 349 Terminology Relating to Space SimulationE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE 491 Practice for Solar Simulation for Thermal
17、BalanceTesting of SpacecraftE 808 Practice for Describing RetroreflectionE 809 Practice for Measuring Photometric Characteristicsof RetroreflectorsE 903 Test Method for Solar Absorptance, Reflectance, andTransmittance of Materials Using Integrating Spheres4E 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric
18、 Data forObject-Color EvaluationE 1499 Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training ofObserversE 2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Perfor-mance of Color-Measuring InstrumentsF 923 Guide to Properties of High Visibility Materials Usedto Improve Individual Safety42.2 Other DocumentsANSI
19、PH2.36 Terms, Symbols, and Notation for OpticalTransmission and Reflection Measurement (Optical Den-sity)5CIE Publication No. 51 AMethod forAssessing the Qualityof Daylight Simulators for Colorimetry6ISO 13655 Spectral Measurement and Colorimetric Com-putation for Graphic Arts Images7ISO 3664:2000 V
20、iewing Conditions Graphic Technologyand Photography7TAPPI T 452 Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard(Directional Reflectance at 457 nm)83. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of ap-pearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM techni-cal committees. Its u
21、se by committees other than CommitteeE12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standardsof such committees, is encouraged.3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used inotherASTM standards are indicated by placing the designationof that standard in parentheses at the end of
22、 the definition.Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (57) areindicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of thedefinition the acronym of the organization, occasionally withthe date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, asuperscript letter may be used to indica
23、te the degree ofcorrespondence between the definition given herein and that inthe citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical;B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, withlittle difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differsubstantially.3.3 A further
24、 parenthetical inclusion at the end of thedefinition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which thedefinition was added to this terminology standard or lastrevised.3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed forterms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, theselistings should b
25、e considered as recommendations, not asmandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in anotherASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard.3.5 In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a greatmany terms were relocated to conform to the recommendationof the Form and Style f
26、or ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) thatlistings be in spoken word order. In general, there are nocross-references between the old and new listings, exceptwhere a special function is served. An example of such aspecial function is to list all terms relating to a given basicquantity, for example, all term
27、s defining various sorts ofangles.3.6 This terminology standard adopts the following usage ofcertain word endings. The ending “ion” denotes a process, as inreflection; “ance” denotes a property of a specimen, as inreflectance; and “ity” denotes a property of the kind of materialof which the specimen
28、 is composed, as in reflectivity. Excep-tions exist, as in the common use of illumination and radiationto refer to quantities as well as processes.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:AATCC blue wool lightfastness standards, nstandarddyed-wool samples of seven grades, each step in the seriesrepresenting a
29、doubling of lightfastness.DISCUSSIONAvailable from the American Association of TextileChemists and Colorists.abridged spectrophotometry, nthe measurement of reflec-tance factor or transmittance factor in a number of wave-length bands rather than as continuous functions of wave-length.DISCUSSIONThe w
30、avelength bands may be isolated by the use of anarray of sensors with a dispersing system or by the use of narrow-bandfilters.absorbance, A, nlogarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocalof the internal transmittance TI. A = log10(1/TI) = log10TI.(1990) (E 131)Babsorptance a, nthe ratio of the absorbed
31、 radiant or5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commissionon Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 PondSt., Sal
32、em, MA 01970, http:/www.cie-usnc.org.7Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.8Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norc
33、ross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.E284082luminous flux to the incident flux. CIEAabsorption, nthe transformation of radiant energy to adifferent form of energy by interaction with matter.CIEAabsorption coefficient, a, nmeasure of the absorption ofradiant energy from an incident beam (Po) as it tra
34、verses anabsorbing medium according to Bouguers law, P=Poeab,where b is the sample optical pathlength. (1988) (E 131)absorption tinting strength, nrelative change in the absorp-tion properties of a standard white material when a specifiedamount of an absorbing colorant, black or chromatic, isadded t
35、o it. (1988a)DISCUSSIONSee the Discussion to masstone.absorptivity, a, nthe absorbance divided by the product ofthe concentration, c, of the substance and the sample opticalpathlength, b, a = A/bc. The units of b and c shall bespecified. (1988) (E 131)Baccuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a
36、 test resultand an accepted reference value. (1993)DISCUSSIONThe qualitative term accuracy, when applied to a set ofobserved values, will be a combination of a random precision compo-nent and a systematic error or bias component. Since in routine userandom components and bias components cannot be co
37、mpletely sepa-rated, the reported “accuracy” must be interpreted as a combination ofthese two elements. See bias, precision.achromatic, adj(1) for primary light sources, the computedchromaticity of the equal-energy spectrum. (1995)(2) for surface colors, the color of a whitish light, serving asthe i
38、lluminant, to which adaptation has taken place in the visualsystem of the observer. (1995)(3) perceived as having no hue, that is, as white, gray, orblack. CIEBAdams color difference, ncolor difference calculated byusing theAdams-Nickerson opponent-color equations, basedon applying the Munsell Value
39、 function to CIE 1931tristimulus values X, Y, Z. (1988)additive color mixture, nsuperposition or other nondestruc-tive combination of lights of different perceived colors.(1995)additive color stimulus mixture, nmethod of simulationthat combines on the retina the actions of various colorstimuli in su
40、ch a manner that they cannot be perceivedindividually. (1995a) CIEAadditive primaries, nsame as primary color stimuli.ambient field, nwhen an object or light source is viewed, thecomplete area beyond the surround from which light mightreach the observers eyes and influence the objects appear-ance. S
41、ee surround.American Public Health Association (APHA) color, nseeplatinum cobalt color scale.angle, nsee aperture angle, aperture solid angle, azi-muthal angle, entrance angle, observation angle, rotationangle, specular angle.angle of illumination, nangle between the specimen normaland the illuminat
42、or axis. (1991b)angle of incidence, nthe angle between a ray impinging ona surface at a point and the perpendicular to the surface atthat point. In the description of a beam, the angle ofincidence of the ray at the center of the beam.angle of reflection, nthe angle between a ray reflected froma surf
43、ace at a point and the perpendicular to the surface atthat point.angle of view, nangle between the normal to the surface ofthe specimen and the axis of the receiver. (1988a)angle, rotation, nsee rotation angle.angular subtense, nvisual, the angle subtended (by anobject) at the first nodal point of t
44、he eye.annular, adjdescriptor for directional illuminating (or view-ing) geometry in which the illuminator provides radiation (orthe receiver possesses responsivity) that is distributed con-tinuously and uniformly throughout the 360 of azimuth ofthe measurement. (See also circumferential.) (1989)(E
45、1164)Aanormal, adjof angles, measured with reference to thenormal to the surface. (2008)aperture angle, 2k, nangle subtended at a point on aspecimen by the maximum dimension of the illuminator orreceiver, within which the flux in a directional beam iscontained. (1990)DISCUSSIONIn optics, the symbol
46、k is used for the half angle; hencethe recommended symbol here is 2k.aperture mode, ncolor seen through an aperture whichprevents its association with a specific object or source.aperture solid angle, v, nsolid angle subtended at a pointon the specimen, defined by the sum of rays from theilluminator
47、 or the sum of directions in which the receiver issensitive to incoming radiation. (1990)aperture stop, nthe physical diameter that limits the size ofthe cone of radiation that an optical system will accept froman axial point on the object. (1988) OSAAappearance, n(1) of an object, the collected vis
48、ual aspectsof an object or a scene. (2006b)(2) perceived, the visual perception of an object, includingsize, shape, color, texture, gloss, transparency, opacity, etc.,separately or integrated. (2006b)area reflector, nreflector subtending a relatively large solidangle at the observers eye, so that th
49、e observer can clearlydistinguish its size and shape. (1988)artificial daylight, nan artificial light that has a spectralpower distribution approximating that of a phase of naturaldaylight. (1995)aspecular, adjof angles, measured with reference to thespecular direction. (2008)aspecular angle, nviewing angle measured from the specu-lar direction, in the illuminator plane unless otherwisespecified. (1995a)DISCUSSIONPositive values of the aspecular angle are in thedirection toward the illuminator axis.attributes of color
