1、Designation: E310 10Standard Reference Radiographs forTin Bronze Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various catego-ries, types and severi
3、ty levels of discontinuities occurring in tinbronze and related alloy castings. The reference radiographfilms are an adjunct to this document and must be purchasedseparately from ASTM International if needed (see 2.2).Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity typerepresented by these ref
4、erence radiographs are described in 1.2.NOTE 1The basis of application for these reference radiographsrequires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examinationattributes and classification criterion described in Sections 4, 7, 8, 9, and10 of this standard.1.2 These reference radiogra
5、phs consists of twenty-two 212by 512-in. (63.5 by 139.7-mm) nominal size reproductionsoriginally exposed with low voltage X-rays. Fifteen of thesewere produced with 1 in. (25.4 mm) plate castings and seven(sand inclusions, inserts, chaplets) were produced with34-in.plate castings originally derived
6、for NAVSHIPS 250-537-1 and-2. The 1-in. plate castings cover gas porosity, linear shrinkage,and feathery shrinkage discontinuity types. The original radio-graphs illustrate discontinuities in sand cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn,“G” type, bronze alloy plates and are representative of thosefound in wide solidif
7、ication range copper-tin base alloys.Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types andseverity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of thisstandard:1.2.1 Category AGas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5for up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called “Code Adiscontinuity type” in
8、 previous revisions).1.2.2 Category BSand inclusions; severity levels 1through 5 for up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called“Code B discontinuity type” in previous revisions).1.2.3 Category CShrinkage; two types (Called “Code Cdiscontinuity type in previous revisions).1.2.3.1 CaLinear shrinkage
9、; severity levels 1 through 5for up to and including 2 inches (50.8 mm). (Called “Code Cadiscontinuity type” in previous revisions).1.2.3.2 CdFeathery and spongy shrinkage (see note 1);severity levels 1 through 5 for up to and including 2 in. (50.8mm). (Called “Code Cd discontinuity type in previous
10、 revi-sions).NOTE 2The feathery shrinkage discontinuity type is used to illustrateaggregate severity levels for either feathery or spongy shrinkage discon-tinuity types (see 6.1).1.2.4 Category DHot tear; one illustration (Called “CodeDa discontinuity type” in previous revisions).1.2.5 Category EIns
11、erts, chaplets; one illustration (Called“Code Eb discontinuity type” in previous revisions).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
12、 the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B61 Specification for Steam or Valve Bronze CastingsB62 Specification for Composition Bronze or Ounce Me
13、talCastingsB271 Specification for Copper-Base Alloy CentrifugalCastingsB584 Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings forGeneral ApplicationsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radio-graphic Images as Certain Parameters Are ChangedE1316 Terminology
14、for Nondestructive Examinations1These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeE07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteesE07.02 on Reference Radiological Images and Subcommittee E07.93 on IllustrationMonitoring.Current edition approved Ja
15、n. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E310 - 99(2004)1.DOI: 10.1520/E0310-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
16、 volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor def
17、initions of terms related to radio-graphic examination, see Terminology E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 production radiographa radiograph under reviewfor compliance with this standard.3.2.2 discontinuity typea specific discontinuity character-ized by its cause and appe
18、arance. For example, linear shrinkageis a specific discontinuity type.3.2.3 discontinuity categorya nomenclature system usedfor grouping discontinuity types. For example, linear shrinkageis assigned category “Ca” where “C” represents the generalshrinkage category and “a” represents the specific line
19、arshrinkage discontinuity type.3.2.4 discontinuity severity levela relative rank in termsof “quantity, size and distribution” of a collection of disconti-nuities where “1” is the least and “5” is the greatest “quantity,size and distribution” present on the reference radiograph. Forexample, a severit
20、y level of “1” is more restrictive (requires ahigher level of fabrication quality) than a severity level of “2”.3.2.5 discontinuity classan assigned fabrication qualityrating characterized by a discontinuity type, category andseverity level. For example, “Ca 2” is a discontinuity classcomprised of l
21、inear shrinkage with a severity level of “2”.3.2.6 classification specificationa set of user defined ac-ceptance criterion that prescribes the radiographic discontinu-ity class requirements for a specified user casting serviceapplication (see Sections 7 and 8).3.2.7 graded illustrationa category of
22、discontinuity that isassigned a severity level.3.2.8 ungraded illustrationa category of discontinuitywithout an assigned severity level.3.2.9 proratingassignment of quantity, size and distribu-tion on a production radiograph in proportion to a similar sizearea of a reference radiograph. For example,
23、 a productionradiograph covers an area that is smaller than the unit area ofa reference radiograph and the extent of discontinuity on theapplicable reference radiograph is reduced proportionately.4. Significance and Use4.1 Reference radiographs for tin bronze and related alloycastings are intended t
24、o be used as a guide to the recognition ofcommon discontinuities and their differentiation both as to typeand severity level. Discontinuity types most common to thesealloys are illustrated. For reference, descriptions of typicalcasting defects and corresponding radiographic indicationtypes are conta
25、ined in Section 5. Purchasers and suppliers may,by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity categories(see 1.2) to serve as standards representing minimum levels ofacceptability (see Sections 7 and 8).4.2 Reference radiographs represented by this standard maybe used, as agreed upon in a pur
26、chaser supplier agreement, forenergy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of thisstandard when determined applicable for the casting serviceapplication. Section 10 addresses purchaser supplier requisiteswhere weld repairs may be required.4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production radiograp
27、hsusing applicable reference radiographs of this standard areprescribed in Section 9; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applicationswhere it may be appropriate to modify or alter such require-ments. Where such modifications may be appropriate for
28、 thecasting application, all such changes shall be called-out in thepurchaser supplier agreement or contractual document.4.4 The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloyscovered by these standards; however, it is intended that thesereference radiographs also apply to related government andcomm
29、ercial material specifications:Valve bronze castings B61AComposition bronze or ounce metal castings B62BTin bronze sand castings B584Leaded red brass sand castings B584Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable) B271ASimilar to MIL-B-16541.BSimilar to MIL-B-16444.5. Descriptions of Discon
30、tinuities5.1 The following paragraphs are provided to aid in theidentification and classification of discontinuities (see Note 3).They briefly describe the radiographic appearance of commontypes of discontinuities and indicate their probable cause.5.1.1 Gas HolesRound or elongated, smooth-edged dark
31、spots which may occur either individually, in clusters, ordistributed throughout the casting section. They are generallycaused by trapped air or mold gases.NOTE 3Discontinuities caused by evolved gases may occur as moreor less spherical voids, but may also occur as elongated “worm holes” orcavities
32、somewhat resembling certain types of shrinkage. It is recom-mended that the “worm hole” cavities be evaluated by the use of thefeathery or sponge shrinkage category reference radiographs.5.1.2 ShrinkageShrinkage is generally associated withimproper feeding and manifests itself in the following diffe
33、rentindication forms:5.1.2.1 Linear ShrinkageUsually a continuous structureof connected lines, branches or network of variable length,width, and density.5.1.2.2 Feathery ShrinkageAppears on the radiographs assponge but with a more feathery outline.5.1.2.3 Sponge ShrinkageAppears on the radiographs a
34、s adark area or areas, lacy in texture, usually with a diffuseoutline.5.1.3 Hot TearsThe similarly, appearing “hot tear” and“linear shrinkage” have distinctive characteristics. The follow-ing information is presented as guide to interpreters to mini-mize confusion in distinguishing hot tears from li
35、near shrink-age:5.1.3.1 Hot tears usually occur singly; shrinkage will gen-erally be multiple.5.1.3.2 Hot tears propagate at or near the surface; shrinkageappears to propagate at or near the midsection.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order RRE0310.E310 1025.1.3.3 Hot tears generally
36、 occur at hot spots or sectionchanges; linear shrinkage frequently occurs at uniform sectionsalso.5.1.3.4 Hot tears occur where temperature gradients arehigh; shrinkage occurs where temperature gradients are low.5.1.3.5 Hot tears occur transverse to the direction of greateststress.5.1.3.6 Hot tears
37、can only be counteracted by altering thestress pattern or thermal pattern; shrinkage can always becountered by sufficient feed metal.5.1.4 Nonmetallic Inclusions:5.1.4.1 SandIrregularly, angularly shaped indicationsmore dense than the background, caused by clumps of trappedsand particles or pebbles.
38、5.1.4.2 DrossA series of lines in a swirl pattern, some-times combined with agglomerated irregular indications. Drossis generally considered to represent oxidized metal.6. Method of Preparation6.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the adjunctreference radiographs were produced on ASTM Class I
39、 filmsystems using methods described in 1.2, including the use of88:8:4, Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” plate castings. Table 1 lists the chemicalcomposition and mechanical property limits for the alloy type.The original radiographs were made with penetrameter sensi-tivity, as determined by ASTM penetrameters (see G
40、uide E94),of 2-2T. The adjunct reference radiographs are reproductionsprepared to an optical density of 2.00 to 2.25 and havesubstantially retained the contrast of the original radiographs.In preparing these reference radiographs, the objective was toobtain progressively graduated severity levels fo
41、r each gradeddiscontinuity category. It should be noted that feathery shrink-age reference radiographs (normally categorized as “Cb” inother reference radiograph documents) are categorized as “Cd”in this standard since these reference radiographs are intendedto be used to evaluate aggregate severity
42、 levels for feathery,spongy or combined feathery/spongy shrinkage indications intin bronze castings.6.2 Film DeteriorationRadiographic films are subject towear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which theimage deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-tions, care in handling a
43、nd amount of use. Reference radio-graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in imagequality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-odically examined for signs of wear and tear, includingscratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-graphs which show signs of
44、excessive wear and tear whichcould influence the interpretation and use of the radiographsshould be replaced.7. Determination of Radiographic Classification7.1 For purposes of casting evaluations, a determinationmust be made of the radiographic discontinuity classificationsto be assigned to individu
45、al castings or specific areas ofcastings. The determination of the applicable radiographicdiscontinuity classification shall be based on an evaluation ofthe casting applications, design, and service requirements. Inthese evaluations, consideration shall be given to such factorsas pressure, temperatu
46、re, section thickness, applicable designsafety factor (preferably based on stress analysis), vibration,shock, resistance to corrosion, involvement of penetratingradiations or radiation products, and involvement of dangerousgases or liquids.7.2 For each individual casting or specific area of a castin
47、gto be radiographed, the discontinuity class must be clearlyspecified. For example, Category Ca, severity level 2 might bespecified for linear shrinkage and Category A, severity level 3for gas porosity, since the latter are generally much lessdeleterious to tensile properties (see Section 8).7.3 Pro
48、duction radiographs which are compared to refer-ence radiographs should have an optical density in the area ofinterest in accordance with Guide E94 and a specified mini-mum radiographic sensitivity (quality level) of 2 % (2-2T).Other radiographic quality levels or optical densities may bedesignated,
49、 but then a corresponding change in severity levelfor each discontinuity category should be anticipated and hencespecified.8. Classification Specifications8.1 The applicable radiographic discontinuity classificationshould be designated by the contracting agency in formalspecifications or on drawings and in specific contracts ororders. The specifications, drawings, contracts, or order shouldalso designate the sampling plan for the castings to beradiographed and the extent of radiographic coverage, radio-graphic practice to be followed (see Guide E94), i
