1、Designation: E317 11E317 16Standard Practice forEvaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems without the Use ofElectronic Measurement Instruments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E317; the number immediately following the designat
2、ion indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by age
3、ncies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice describes procedures for evaluating the following performance characteristics of ultrasonic pulse-echoexamination instruments and systems: Horizontal Limit and Linearity; Vertical Limit and Linearity; Resolution - Entry Surface andFa
4、r Surface; Sensitivity and Noise;Accuracy of Calibrated Gain Controls. Evaluation of these characteristics is intended to be usedfor comparing instruments and systems or, by periodic repetition, for detecting long-term changes in the characteristics of a giveninstrument or system that may be indicat
5、ive of impending failure, and which, if beyond certain limits, will require correctivemaintenance. Instrument characteristics measured in accordance with this practice are expressed in terms that relate to theirpotential usefulness for ultrasonic testing. Instrument characteristics expressed in pure
6、ly electronic terms may be measured asdescribed in E1324.1.2 Ultrasonic examination systems using pulsed-wave trains and A-scan presentation (rf or video) may be evaluated.1.3 The procedures are applicable to shop or field conditions; additional electronic measurement instrumentation is not required
7、.1.4 This practice establishes no performance limits for examination systems; if such acceptance criteria are required, these mustbe specified by the using parties. Where acceptance criteria are implied herein they are for example only and are subject to moreor less restrictive limits imposed by cus
8、tomers and end users controlling documents.1.5 The specific parameters to be evaluated, conditions and frequency of test, and report data required, must also be determinedby the user.1.6 This practice may be used for the evaluation of a complete examination system, including search unit, instrument,
9、interconnections, fixtures and connected alarm and auxiliary devices, primarily in cases where such a system is used repetitivelywithout change or substitution. This practice is not intended to be used as a substitute for calibration or standardization of aninstrument or system to inspect any given
10、material. There are limitations to the use of standard reference blocks for that purpose.21.7 Required test apparatus includes selected test blocks and a precision external attenuator (where specified) in addition to theinstrument or system to be evaluated.1.8 Precautions relating to the applicabili
11、ty of the procedures and interpretation of the results are included.1.9 Alternate procedures, such as examples described in this document, or others, may only be used with customer approval.1.10 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parenthese
12、s aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate s
13、afety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic Method.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011
14、June 1, 2016. Published August 2011June 2016. Originally approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 asE317 - 06a.E317 - 11. DOI: 10.1520/E0317-11.10.1520/E0317-16.2 Beck, K. H., “Limitations to the Use of Reference Blocks for Periodic and Preinspection Calibration of Ultrasonic Ins
15、pection Instruments and Systems,” MaterialsEvaluation, Vol 57, No. 3, March 1999.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequ
16、ately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM I
17、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact TestingE127 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference
18、BlocksE428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1324 Guide for Measuring Some Electronic Characteristics of Ultrasonic Testing Instruments2.2 Other Standard:IEEE Std 100 IEEE S
19、tandard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this practice see Terminology E1316. Other relevant definitions may be foundin IEEE Standard 100.4. Summary of Practice4.1 An examination system to be evaluated comprises an ultrasonic
20、 pulse-echo instrument, search unit, interconnecting cables,and couplant; for immersion examination systems suitable fixturing is required.4.2 When checking an entire system to be used for a given examination, test conditions are selected that are consistent with theintended end-use as determined by
21、 the user.4.3 The ultrasonic response from appropriate test blocks is obtained, and presented in numerical or graphical form.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice describes procedures applicable to both shop and field conditions. More comprehensive or precisemeasurements of the characteristics of
22、 complete systems and their components will generally require laboratory techniques andelectronic equipment such as oscilloscopes and signal generators. Substitution of these methods is not precluded where appropriate;however, their usage is not within the scope of this practice.5.2 This document do
23、es not establish system acceptance limits, nor is it intended as a comprehensive equipment specification.5.3 While several important characteristics are included, others of possible significance in some applications are not covered.5.4 Since the parameters to be evaluated and the applicable test con
24、ditions must be specified, this practice shall be prescribedonly by those familiar with ultrasonic NDT technology and the required tests shall be performed either by such a qualified personor under his supervision.5.5 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in the format of
25、the using facility.5.6 In the case of evaluation of a complete system selection of the specific tests to be made should be done cautiously; if therelated parameters are not critical in the intended application, then their inclusion may be unjustified. For example, vertical linearitymay be irrelevant
26、 for a go/no-go test with a flaw gate alarm, while horizontal linearity might be required only for accurateflaw-depth or thickness measurement from the display screen.5.7 No frequency of system evaluation or calibration is recommended or implied. This is the prerogative of the using partiesand is de
27、pendent on application, environment, and stability of equipment.5.8 Certain sections are applicable only to instruments having receiver gain controls calibrated in decibels (dB). While thesemay sometimes be designated “gain,” “attenuator,” or “sensitivity” on various instruments, the term “gain cont
28、rols” will be usedin this practice in referring to those which specifically control instrument receiver gain but not including reject, electronicdistance-amplitude compensation, or automatic gain control.5.9 These procedures can generally be applied to any combination of instrument and search unit o
29、f the commonly used typesand frequencies, and to most straight-beam examination, either contact or immersed. Certain sections are also compatible withangle-beam, wheel, delay-line, and dual-search unit techniques. Their use, however, should be mutually agreed upon and soidentified in the test report
30、.5.10 The validity of the results obtained will depend on the precision of the instrument display readings. This is assumed to be60.04 in. (61 mm), yielding between 1 % and 2 % of full scale (fs) readability for available instrumentation having suitable screengraticules and display sharpness.3 For r
31、eferencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Published by Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY.E317 1626. Procedure
32、s for Obtaining Ultrasonic Response Data6.1 General:6.1.1 A procedure, using this document as a guide, should be prepared for each specific type of instrument or system to beevaluated. For each procedure determine from the requesting documents the instrument examination range to be evaluated, select
33、the appropriate search unit, fixtures, and test blocks, and establish the required display conditions. Unless otherwise required,mid-range values are suggested for most panel controls and “reject” must be off unless specifically desired to be evaluated. It maybe desirable to vary the instrument cont
34、rols from these initial values. If so, it is important to observe and report any anomalouseffects on the parameters being evaluated when the controls are so varied.6.1.2 When a procedure requires a change in receiver gain by the use of a calibrated control, it is assumed that those whichincrease sen
35、sitivity with higher panel readings are designated “gain” and those which decrease sensitivity with higher readings aredesignated “attenuation.” Fine (reference) gain controls, when available, are sometimes not calibrated in decibels and increasesensitivity with clockwise rotation.6.1.3 Although the
36、 procedures in this practice do not describe the use of electronic distance-amplitude compensation, its use isnot precluded. If it is used to affect any one or combination of characteristics, measured under this document, then allcharacteristics shall be evaluated with the same level of compensation
37、 as was used on any one, and this level should be referencedin the report. If desired by the using parties, a dual set of test data may be made both with and without distance-amplitudecompensation.6.1.4 If the display screen does not provide a suitable internal graticule, and deflection measurements
38、 are being made, fix theeye relative to the external scale to minimize parallax. This practice assumes reading precision of within 2 % of full scale. If, forany reason, this is not feasible for the system under test, estimate the probable accuracy and include this in the report. Readabilitycan somet
39、imes be improved by the use of an external scale attached to the display screen having 50 or 100 divisions for full scale.6.1.5 For instruments that provide digital readout of signal amplitude, the manufacturers specified accuracy, if available, shallbe noted in the report.6.1.6 When tests are being
40、 done by the contact method, position the search unit securely and make certain that couplant changesare not measurably affecting the results. Refer also to Practice E114.6.1.7 When using the immersion method, allow adequate time for thermal stabilization; remove bubbles and particles fromsearch uni
41、t and test surfaces; maintain the search-unit manipulator and test blocks in stable positions.6.2 Horizontal Limit and Linearity:6.2.1 Significance Horizontal limit and linearity have significance when determination of depth of a discontinuity is required.Aspecified minimum trace length is usually n
42、ecessary to obtain the horizontal readability desired. Nonlinearity of sweep trace mayaffect accuracy of flaw depth or thickness determination made directly from the display screen.6.2.2 ApparatusA test block is required that will give several (preferably eleven) noninterfering multiple back reflect
43、ions forthe sweep range and other test conditions of interest (see Fig. 1).Any block having good ultrasonic transmittivity, flat parallel faces,and a thickness of about one tenth of the specified sweep range will usually be adequate. The aluminum blocks shown in Table1 will be satisfactory for mid-r
44、ange frequencies and sweep settings on most instruments when the beam is directed through thethickness T. For other test frequencies or very large search units, different block dimensions or other block designs may be requiredto eliminate interferences. The couplant system used, either contact or im
45、mersed, must provide stable indications during themeasurements. A horizontal scale permitting reading accuracy as specified in 6.1.4 is required or, if provided, digital readout ofdepth indication may be used.Material: 7075T6 aluminumPlug drilled holes with water-insoluble plastic.FIG. 1 Suggested T
46、est Blocks for Evaluation of Horizontal and Vertical LinearityE317 163NOTE 1An encapsulated transducer-targets assembly may be used for this purpose.6.2.3 ProcedureCouple the appropriate block to the search unit so that the sound beam does not intercept any test holes.Adjust the instrument gain, swe
47、ep-delay, and sweep-length controls to display eleven noninterfering back reflections. Set theamplitude of each back reflection at 50 % fs before measurement of its position. Further adjust the sweep controls (range,centering, or delay) to position the leading edge of the third and ninth back reflec
48、tions at the 20 % and 80 % scale divisionsrespectively (with each set in turn at 50 % fs). After the third and ninth back reflections are positioned accurately on the 20 % and80 % divisions as described, read and record the scale positions of each other multiple. Alternatively, if sweep-delay is not
49、available, position the second and eighth back reflections at the 20 % and 80 % scale divisions respectively; read and record thescale positions of the initial pulse start and of the remaining multiples. To calibrate the digital readout of horizontal position oninstruments so equipped this procedure will require positioning a “gate” to provide an indication from each desired reflection.NOTE 2Either more or fewer reflections can be used by suitably modifying the procedure. For example, six back reflections may be used ifinterference echoes are obtained with eleven, in whi
