1、Designation: E345 93 (Reapproved 2013)1Standard Test Methods ofTension Testing of Metallic Foil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E345; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in May 2014.1. Sc
3、ope1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallicfoil at room temperature in thicknesses less than 0.006 in.(0.150 mm).NOTE 1Exception to these methods may be necessary in individualspecifications or test methods for a particular material.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units
4、are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
5、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B193 Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical ConductorMaterialsE4 Practices for Force Verificatio
6、n of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-terialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE252 Test Method for Thickness of Foil, Thin Sheet, andFilm by
7、Mass MeasurementE796 Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foil(Withdrawn 2009)33. Terminology3.1 The definitions of terms relating to tension testingappearing in Terminology E6 apply to the terms used in thesemethods of tension testing.4. Significance and Use4.1 Tension tests provide inform
8、ation on the strength andductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Thisinformation may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloydevelopment, quality control, and design.4.2 The results of tension tests from selected portions of apart or material may not totally represent the strengt
9、h andductility of the entire end product of its in-service behavior indifferent environments.4.3 These test methods are considered satisfactory for ac-ceptance testing of commercial shipments, since the methodshave been used extensively for these purposes.4.4 Tension tests provide a means to determi
10、ne the ductilityof materials through the measurement of elongation or reduc-tion of area. However, as specimen thickness is reduced,tension tests may become less useful for determining ductility.For these purposes Test Method E796 is an alternative proce-dure for measuring ductility.5. Apparatus5.1
11、Testing MachinesMachines used for tension testingshall conform to the requirements of Practices E4. The forcesused in determining tensile strength, yield strength, and yieldpoint shall be within the verified loading range of the testingmachine as defined in Practices E4.5.2 Gripping Devices:5.2.1 Ge
12、neralVarious types of gripping devices may beused to transmit the measured force applied by the testing1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 onUniaxial Testing.Current edition approved Nov. 1
13、, 2013. Published May 2014. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E345 93 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/E0345-93R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
14、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1machine to the test speci
15、men. To ensure axial tensile stresswithin the gauge length, the axis of the test specimen mustcoincide with the center line of the heads of the testingmachine. Any departure from this center line may introducebending stresses that are not included in the usual stresscomputation (force divided by cro
16、ss-sectional area).5.2.2 Wedge GripsTesting machines usually are equippedwith wedge grips. These wedge grips generally furnish asatisfactory means of gripping long specimens of ductilematerials in the thicker foil gauges. If, for any reason, one gripof a pair advances farther than the other as the g
17、rips tighten, anundesirable bending stress may be introduced. When liners areused behind the wedges, they must be of the same thicknessand their faces must be flat and parallel. For proper gripping, itis desirable that the entire length of the serrated face of eachwedge be in contact with the specim
18、en. A buffer material suchas 320-grit silicon carbide paper may be inserted between thespecimen and serrated faces to minimize tearing of specimens.5.2.3 Smooth Face GripsFor foils less than 0.003 in.(0.076 mm) thickness, it may be desirable that the grips havesmooth faces and that the gripping pres
19、sure be about 100 psi(0.7 MPa) for each 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) of specimen thick-ness.6. Test Specimen6.1 GeneralTest specimens shall be prescribed in theproduct specification for the material being tested. If a Type Aspecimen is used, all specimen dimensions, test procedures,and calculations shall co
20、mply with those shown in TestMethods E8/E8M.6.2 Type A SpecimenType A specimens shall be in accor-dance with the12-in. (12.5-mm) sheet-type specimen shown inFig. 1. To avoid lateral buckling in tests of some materials, theminimum radius of the fillet should be34 in. (19 mm), or thewidth of the grip
21、ends should be only slightly larger than thewidth of the reduced section, or both; and the reduced sectionshould be at least 20 % longer than the gauge length.6.3 Type B SpecimensType B specimens shall be inaccordance with the12-in. (12.5-mm) wide parallel sidedspecimen shown in Fig. 1.7. Procedures
22、7.1 Type A Specimen PreparationThe specimens can bemachined in packs by use of a milling-type cutter. Themachined specimens shall be examined under about 20magnification to determine that the edges are smooth and thatthere are no surface scratches or creases. Specimens showingdiscernible scratches,
23、creases, or edge discontinuities shall berejected. The milling-type cutter shall be sharpened or renewedwhen necessary. When machining some thicknesses and tem-pers of material it may be necessary to interleave the sampleswith hard aluminum sheet, a plastic, or other suitable material.For some mater
24、ials it may be desirable to polish the edges ofthe specimens, either mechanically or by electropolishing.7.2 Type B Specimen PreparationThe specimens, particu-larly of soft and of thin hard metals, may be prepared byshearing, for example, by use of a double-bladed cutter4(Fig.2) or by slitting. The
25、cutting edges should be lubricated, ifnecessary with a material such as stearic acid in alcohol oranother suitable material. The finished specimens shall beexamined under about 20 magnification to determine that the4The sole source of supply of the Thwing-Albert JDC-50 precision cutter knownto the c
26、ommittee at this time is Thwing-Albert Instrument Co., 14 W. Collings Ave.West Berlin, NJ 08091. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical com
27、mittee,1whichyou may attend.DimensionsSpecimenType A Type Bin. mm in. mmGGauge length 2.000 0.005 50.0 0.1 5 125WWidth 0.500 0.010 12.50 0.25 0.500 12.5TThickness thickness of foil thickness of foilRRadius of fillet, min34 19 . .LOverall Length, min 8 200 9 230ALength of reduced section, min 214 60
28、. .BLength of grip section, min 2 50 . .CWidth of grip section, approx.34 20 0.500 12.5NOTE 1For TypeAspecimens, the ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.002 in. (0.05 mm).Also, there may be a gradualdecrease in width from the ends to the center, but the width at eith
29、er end shall not be more than 0.005 in. (0.10 mm) larger than the width at the center.NOTE 2The dimension T is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable material specifications.FIG. 1 Foil Tension Test SpecimenE345 93 (2013)12edges are smooth and there are no surface scrat
30、ches or creases.Specimens showing discernible surface scratches, creases, oredge discontinuities shall be rejected.7.3 Specimen Measurement:7.3.1 Thickness:7.3.1.1 Thickness of specimens taken from soft foils or fromfoils 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) and thinner shall be determined to anaccuracy of 2 % of th
31、e thickness by weighing in accordancewith Test Method E252 or by measuring devices. When usingTest Method E252, the specimens themselves shall be weighedwhen it is practical. At least two specimens shall be weighedtogether. When Type B specimens are not used for weighing, asample in accordance with
32、Test Method E252 may be usedwhen taken from an area adjacent to that from which the testspecimens were taken.7.3.1.2 The thickness of specimens taken from hard mate-rials or materials 0.001 in. (0.0245 mm) and greater inthickness may be determined by use of an optimeter, anelectrical-type measuring
33、device, or vernier micrometer, pro-vided that the thickness is measured to at least the nearest 2 %.NOTE 2When specimens or samples are weighed, the thickness shallbe computed to the nearest 0.0001 in. (0.0025 mm) and preferably to thenearest 0.00001 in. (0.00025 mm) by use of the formula:T 5 W/AD (
34、1)where:T = thickness of specimen or sample,W = mass of specimen or sample,A = area of specimen or sample, andD = density of material, (see Appendix X1 ).7.3.2 WidthMeasure and record the specimen width di-mension to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm).7.4 Speed of TestingUnless otherwise specified, an
35、y con-venient speed of testing may be used up to one half thespecified yield strength or yield point, or up to one quarter thespecified tensile strength, whichever is smaller. The speedabove this point shall be within the limits specified. If differentspeed limitations are required in determining yi
36、eld strength,yield point, tensile strength, and elongation, they should bestated in the product specification. In the absence of anyspecified limitations on the speed of testing the followinggeneral rules shall apply:7.4.1 The speed of testing shall be such that the forces andstrains used in obtaini
37、ng the test results are accurately indi-cated.7.4.2 When yield strength or yield point is to be determined,the rate of stress application shall not exceed 100 ksi/min (12MPa/s) but shall be greater than 1 ksi/min (0.12 MPa/s). Thespeed may be increased after removal of the extensometer, butit shall
38、not exceed 0.5 in./in. (mm/mm) of reduced section (ordistance between grips for specimens not having reducedsection) per min.7.4.3 The rate of straining shall be 0.06 to 0.5 in./in./minwhen the yield strength is not being determined, except whenthe product specification requires a different speed.7.
39、4.4 When yield strength is to be determined, the rate ofstraining shall be 0.002 to 0.010 in./in./min until the stress isabove the yield strength.7.5 RoundingRound all values of strength to the nearest0.1 ksi (0.7 MPa) and each value of elongation to the nearest0.5 %, unless specified otherwise, in
40、accordance with therounding method of Practice E29.7.6 Yield StrengthDetermine yield strength by the offset orextension-under-load method, as follows:7.6.1 Offset MethodTo determine yield strength by the“offset method,” it is necessary to secure data (autographic ornumerical) from which a stress-str
41、ain curve may be drawn.Then on the stress-strain diagram (Fig. 3) lay off om equal tothe specified value of the “offset,” draw mn parallel to oA, andFIG. 2 Double-Bladed Cutter for Making Type B SpecimensE345 93 (2013)13thus locate r, the intersection of the mn with the stress-straincurve (Note 4).
42、In reporting values of yield strength obtainedby this method, the specified value of offset used should bestated in parentheses after the term yield strength. Thus: yieldstrength (offset = 0.2 %) = 52.0 ksi (359 MPa).7.6.2 Extension-Under-Load-MethodFor tests to deter-mine the acceptance or rejectio
43、n of material whose stress-straincharacteristics are well known from previous tests of similarmaterial in which stress-strain diagrams (Fig. 4) were plotted,the total strain corresponding to the stress at which thespecified offset occurs will be known within satisfactory limits;therefore, in such te
44、sts a specified total strain may be used, andthe stress on the specimen, when this total strain is reached, isthe value of the yield strength.NOTE 3Automatic devices are available that determine offset yieldstrength without plotting a stress-strain curve. Such devices may be usedif their accuracy ha
45、s been demonstrated to be acceptable.NOTE 4If the load drops before the specified offset is reached,technically the material does not have a yield strength (for that offset), butthe stress at maximum load before the specified offset is reached may bereported as the yield strength.7.7 Tensile Strengt
46、hCalculate the tensile strength by di-viding the maximum force carried by the specimen by theoriginal cross-sectional area of the specimen.7.8 Elongation:7.8.1 When elongation is to be determined and Type Aspecimens are used, the 2-in. gauge length may be lightlymarked on the specimen by scribing fi
47、ne lines of a 1-mil radiusscriber and a precision ground template. The scribed linesshould be about18 in. (3 mm) long and should not be placednear the specimen edges or in the fillet radii.7.8.2 When elongation is to be determined and Type Bspecimens are used, the minimum and preferred distancebetwe
48、en grips shall be 5 in. (125 mm), and the elongation maybe determined from the differences in the distance between thegrips before testing and at fracture. When a Type B specimenis tested using a positive head-speed type testing machine, theelongation may be taken from the loadelongation graph com-p
49、uted by the equation:Head speed 3inches of chart (2)Elongation, % 5head speed 3inches of chartchart speed 3gage length31007.8.3 When elongation is reported, the value shall be shownto the nearest 0.5 %.8. Replacement of Specimens8.1 A test specimen may be discarded and a replacementspecimen taken from the same sample remnant, if possible, inthe following cases:8.1.1 The original specimen had surface scratches orcreases.8.1.2 The original specimen had a poorly machined surface.8.1.3 The original specimen had the wrong dimensions.
