1、Designation: E384 111E384 16Standard Test Method forKnoop and Vickers Microindentation Hardness of Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E384; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1 NOTESections 8.3 and A1.1.4 were editorially c
3、orrected in March 2012.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers determination of the Knoop and Vickers hardness of materials, the verification of Knoop andVickers hardness testing machines, and the calibration of standardized Knoop and Vickers test blocks. microindentation hardnessof materials.1.2 This
4、test method covers microindentation tests made with Knoop and Vickers hardness tests made utilizing indenters undertest forces in micro (9.807 the range from 9.8 10-3 to 9.807 N ) ( 1 to 1000 gf ) and macro (9.807 to 1176.80 N) ( 1kg to 120kgf ) ranges.9.8 N (1 to 1000 gf).NOTE 1Previous versions of
5、 this standard limited test forces to 9.807 N (1 kgf).1.3 This test method includes all of the requirements to perform macro Vickers hardness tests as previously defined in TestMethod E92, Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness Testing.1.3 This test method includes an analysis of the possible sou
6、rces of errors that can occur during Knoop and Vickersmicroindentation testing and how these factors affect the accuracy, precision, bias, repeatability, and reproducibility of test results.NOTE 2While Committee E04 is primarily concerned with metals, the test procedures described are applicable to
7、other materials.1.4 Information pertaining to the requirements for direct verification and calibration of the testing machine and the requirementsfor the manufacture and calibration of Vickers and Knoop reference hardness test blocks are in Test Method E92.NOTE 1While Committee E04 is primarily conc
8、erned with metals, the test procedures described are applicable to other materials.1.5 UnitsWhen Knoop and Vickers hardness tests were developed, the force levels were specified in units of grams-force (gf)and kilograms-force (kgf). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the Intern
9、ational System of Units (SI); that is,force in Newtons (N) and length in mm or m. However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, forcevalues in gf and kgf units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard as well as the method ofreporting the te
10、st results refers to these units.The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units ofmeasurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of
11、this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1326 Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of Advanced CeramicsC1327 Test Method for Vickers Indentation Hardness
12、of Advanced CeramicsE3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic SpecimensE7 Terminology Relating to Metallography1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.05 on MicroindentationHardness Testing.With . With
13、this revision the test method was expanded to include the requirements previously defined in E28.92, Standard Test Method for Vickers HardnessTesting of Metallic Material that was under the jurisdiction of E28.06Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011Feb. 1, 2016. Published August 2011April 2016. Orig
14、inally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2010 asE384 10E384 11 21. DOI: 10.1520/E0384-11E01.10.1520/E0384-162 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information,
15、refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all
16、 changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 10
17、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with SpecificationsE74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing MachinesE92 Te
18、st Methods forMethod For Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot orProcessE140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vicker
19、s Hardness, Rockwell Hardness,Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb HardnessE175 Terminology of MicroscopyE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Tes
20、t MethodE766 Practice for Calibrating the Magnification of a Scanning Electron MicroscopeE2554 Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncertainty of Test Results of a Test Method Using Control Chart TechniquesE2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in Statistical Process Control2.2 ISO Standard
21、s:Standard:3ISO 6507-1 Metallic MaterialsVickers hardness Test Part 1: Test MethodISO/IEC 17011 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Requirements for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting Conformity AssessmentBodies.ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories3. T
22、erminology3.1 DefinitionsFor the standard definitions of terms used in this test method, see Terminology E7.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibrating, vdetermining the values of the significant parameters by comparison with values indicated by a referenceinstrument or by a
23、 set of reference standards.3.2.2 Knoop hardness number, HK, nan expression of hardness obtained by dividing the force applied to the Knoop indenterby the projected area of the permanent indentationimpression made by the indenter.3.2.3 Knoop indenter, na rhombic-based pyramidal-shaped diamond indent
24、er with edge angles of /A = 172 30 and / B= 130 0 (see Fig. 21).3.2.4 microindentation hardness test, na hardness test using a calibrated machine to force a diamond indenter of specificgeometry into the surface of the material being evaluated, in which the test forces are 9.807 range from 1 to 1000
25、gf (9.8 10-3to 9.807 N (1 to 1000 gf) 9.8 N), and the indentation diagonal, or diagonals, are measured with a light microscope after loadremoval; for any microindentation hardness test, it is assumed that the indentation does not undergo elastic recovery after forceremoval. The test results are norm
26、ally in the Knoop or Vickers scales.3 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.FIG. 12 Vickers IndenterE384 162NOTE 2Use of the term microhardness should be avoided because it im
27、plies that the hardness, rather than the force or the indentation size, is verylow.3.2.5 macroindention hardness test, na hardness test using a calibrated machine to force an indenter of specific geometry intothe surface of the material being evaluated, in which the test forces are normally higher t
28、han 9.807 N (1 kgf). Macroindentationtest scales include Vickers, Rockwell and Brinell.NOTE 3Use of the term microhardness should be avoided because it implies that the hardness, rather than the force or the indentation size, is verylow.3.2.5 verifying, vchecking or testing the instrument to assure
29、conformance with the specification.3.2.6 Vickers hardness number, HV, nan expression of hardness obtained by dividing the force applied to a Vickers indenterby the surface area of the permanent indentationimpression made by the indenter.3.2.7 Vickers indenter, na square-based pyramidal-shaped diamon
30、d indenter with face angles of 136 (see Fig. 12).3.2.9 scale, na specific combination of indenter (Knoop or Vickers) and the test force. For example, HV10 is a scale definedas using a Vickers indenter and a 10 kgf test force and HK 0.1 is a scale defined as using a Knoop indenter and a 100 gf test f
31、orce.See 5.8 for the proper reporting of the hardness level and scale.3.3 FormulaeThe formulae presented in 5.53.3.1 3.3.4 and 5.6for calculating Knoop and Vickers microindentation hardnessare based upon an ideal tester. tester and conditions. The measured value of the Knoop and Vickers microindenta
32、tion hardness ofa material is subjectsubjected to several sources of errors. Based on Eq 1-9, variations in the applied force, geometrical variationsbetween diamond indenters, and human errors in measuring indentation lengths canwill affect the precision of the calculatedmaterial hardness. The influ
33、ence magnitude of the error that variations of each of these parameters hashave on the calculated valueof a Knoop or Vickers microindentation measurement is discussed in Section 10.3.3.1 For Knoop hardness tests, in practice, test loads are in grams-force and indentation diagonals are in micrometers
34、. TheKnoop hardness number is calculated using the following:HK51.00031033P/A p!51.00031033P/cp 3d2! (1)orHK5142293P/d2 (2)cp 5tan /B22tan/A2(3)where:P = force, gf,d = length of long diagonal, m,FIG. 21 Knoop IndenterE384 163Ap = projected area of indentation, m 2/A = included longitudinal edge angl
35、e, 172 30/B = included transverse edge angle, 130 0 (see Fig. 1 and,cp = indenter constant relating projected area of the indentation to the square of the length of the long diagonal, ideally0.07028.3.3.2 The Knoop hardness, kgf/mm2 is determined as follows:HK514.2293P1/d12 (4)where:P1 = force, kgf,
36、 andd1 = length of long diagonal, mm.3.3.3 The Knoop hardness reported with units of GPa is determined as follows:HK50.0142293P2/d22 (5)where:P2 = force, N, andd2 = length of the long diagonal of the indentation, mm.3.3.4 For the Vickers hardness test, in practice, test loads are in grams-force and
37、indentation diagonals are in micrometers. TheVickers hardness number is calculated as follows:HV51.00031033P/As 52.00031033Psin/2!/d2 (6)orHV51854.43P/d2 (7)where:P = force, gf,As = surface area of the indentation, m2,d = mean diagonal length of the indentation, m, and = face angle of the indenter,
38、136 0 (see Fig. 2).3.3.5 The Vickers hardness, kgf/mm2 is determined as follows:HV51.85443P1/d12 (8)where:P1 = force, kgf, andd1 = mean diagonal length of the indentations, mm.3.3.6 The Vickers hardness reported with units of GPa is determined as follows:HV50.00185443P2/d22 (9)where:P2 = force, N, a
39、ndd2 = mean diagonal length of the indentations, mm.3.4 Equations for calculating % Error and Repeatability for periodic verification is determined as follows:E 5100Sd 2drefdref D (10)where:E = % error in performance of the periodic verification,d = the measured mean diagonal length in m, anddref =
40、the reported certified mean diagonal length, m.R 5100Sdmax2dmind D(11)where:R = repeatability in performance of the periodic verification,dmax = the longest diagonal length measurement on the standardized test block, m,dmin = the shortest diagonal length measurement on the standardized test block, m
41、, andE384 164d = the measured mean diagonal length in m.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 In this test method, a hardness number is determined based on the formation of a very small indentation by application ofa relatively low force, in comparison to traditional bulk indentation hardness tests.4.2 A Kno
42、op or Vickers indenter, made from diamond of specific geometry, is pressed into the test specimen surface under anapplied force in the range of 1 to 1000 gf using a test machine specifically designed for such work.4.3 The size of the indentation is measured using a light microscope equipped with a f
43、ilar type eyepiece, or other type ofmeasuring device (see Terminology E175).4.4 The Knoop hardness number is based upon the force divided by the projected area of the indentation. The Vickers hardnessnumber is based upon the force divided by the surface area of the indentation.4.5 It is assumed that
44、 elastic recovery does not occur when the indenter is removed after the loading cycle, that is, it is assumedthat the indentation retains the shape of the indenter after the force is removed, but this is not always true. In Knoop testing, it isassumed that the ratio of the long diagonal to the short
45、 diagonal of the impression is the same as for the indenter, 7.114, but thisis not always true due to elastic recovery.5. Significance and Use5.1 Hardness tests have been found to be very useful for materials evaluation, quality control of manufacturing processes andresearch and development efforts.
46、 Hardness, although empirical in nature, can be correlated to tensile strength for manymetals,metals and alloys, and is also an indicator of machinability, wear resistance resistance, toughness and ductility.5.2 Microindentation hardness tests extend tests are utilized to evaluate and quantify hardn
47、ess variations that occur over a smalldistance. These variations may be intentional, such as produced by localized surface hardening, for example, from shot blasting,cold drawing, flame hardening, induction hardening, etc., or from processes such as carburization, nitriding, carbonitriding, etc.;or,
48、 they may be unintentional variations due to problems, such as decarburization, localized softening in service, or fromcompositional/microstructural segregation problems. Low test forces also extend hardness testing to materials that are too thin ortoo small for macroindentation hardness tests. Micr
49、oindentation hardness tests also allow tests permit hardness testing of specificphases or constituents and regions or gradients too small for macroindentation hardness testing to be evaluated.evaluation bymacroindentation tests.5.3 Because the Knoop and Vickers hardness microindentation hardness tests will reveal hardness variations that maycommonlyexist within a material,most materials, a single test value may not be representative of the bulk hardness. Vickers tests at 1000 gfcan be utilized for determination of
