1、Designation: E390 11E390 15Standard Reference Radiographs forSteel Fusion Welds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E390; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steel fusion wel
3、ds that contain typical discontinuities with varying severitylevels in different thicknesses of material. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchasedseparately from ASTM International if needed.1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs based on sev
4、en nominal weld thicknesses as follows:Vol IrefSet of 16 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering base material up to and including 14 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness.Vol IISet of 29 plates (812 by 11 in.) covering base material over 14 to and including 3 in. (6.4 to 76 mm) in thickness.Vol IIISet of 32 plates (81
5、2 by 11 in.) covering base material over 3 to including 8 in. (76 to 203 mm) in thickness.1.3 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunctmaterials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, ch
6、anges in the dies or printing for thecardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and allreference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance levelrepresented by
7、 the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standardregardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthese
8、s are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate sa
9、fety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds:Volume I,
10、Thickness Up to and Including 14 in. (6.4 mm)4Volume II, Thickness Over 14 to 3 in. (6.4 to 76 mm), incl5Volume III, Thickness Over 3 to 8 in. (76 to 203 mm), incl63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this document, see Terminology E1316, Section D.1 These reference radiogra
11、phs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02on Reference Radiological Images.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011Sept. 1, 2015. Published August 2011September 2015. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous
12、edition approved in 20062011as E390 - 01E390 - 11.(2006). DOI: 10.1520/E0390-11.10.1520/E0390-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Docume
13、nt Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from ASTM Headquarters.4 Order RRE039001.5 Order RRE039002.6 Order RRE039003.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becaus
14、eit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 The terms relating to discontinuities present in these reference radiographs are described based upon radiographicappearance.The terms “darker” and “lighter” as used in this standard refer to the optical density of a ra
16、diographic film.Where otherradiographic media are used, these terms should be understood to refer to areas of greater or lesser radiologic transmission,respectively.4. Significance and Use4.1 These reference radiographs may be used as a means for establishing the types and severity levels of discont
17、inuities thatare revealed by radiographic examination of steel fusion welds.4.2 Each volume contains illustrations of representative graded and ungraded discontinuities applicable to seven thicknessranges, as shown in Table 1. Table 2 lists the discontinuity types and severities illustrated for each
18、 thickness of base material. Eachof the graded discontinuity types has five severity levels, 1 through 5 in order of increasing severity. The ungraded discontinuitiesare included for informational purposes.4.3 These reference radiographs may be used in contractual specifications, for which agreement
19、 has been reached betweenpurchaser and supplier, to establish acceptance limits of the types and severity levels of discontinuities revealed by radiographicexamination.4.4 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted to the specific energy levels given in Table 3 or to the thicknesslimi
20、ts given in Table 1. This document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels orthicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser andmanufacturer.5. Preparation of Reference Radiographs5.1 Th
21、e illustration in Vol I and the first two thicknesses of Vol II are radiographic while those in the thick section of Vol II (2in.) and Vol III are photographic reproductions.5.2 The radiographs were made to a quality level of at least 2-2T penetrameter sensitivity.5.3 Table 3 lists the technique use
22、d in producing the original radiographs. The data are included for information and are not tobe construed as the recommended technique.5.4 The radiographic exposure was controlled so as to produce an optical density of from 2.00 to 2.25 in a selected location onthe weld bead. The reproductions used
23、in Vol III were prepared to the same density requirements and they substantially retain thecontrast and detail of the original radiographs.6. Description of Discontinuities6.1 Porosity occurs as voids caused by gas trapped in the weld metal deposit. The voids may occur as spherical, elongated, or“wo
24、rm hole” shapes and in patterns that are random, clustered, or linear. On a radiograph the spherical voids have the appearanceof a rounded dark area while the nonspherical voids have an elongated dark area with a smooth outline.6.2 Tungsten Inclusions are tungsten particles entrapped in the weld dep
25、osit. These inclusions are particles broken off or meltedfrom the electrodes and may be caused by faulty equipment or poor manipulation. On the radiograph the tungsten inclusions arelighter than the surrounding areas and may be rounded or irregularly shaped.6.3 Incomplete Penetration is a discontinu
26、ity that occurs at the root of welds designed for through penetration where fullpenetration has not been achieved. The discontinuity appears on a radiograph as a straight dark line that may be either continuousor intermittent. The indication may be thin and sharp, broad and diffuse or two parallel l
27、ines depending upon the specific geometryof the joint and the width of the discontinuity.TABLE 1 Applicable Thickness RangesIllustrationThickness,in. (mm)Base Material Thickness Range,in. (mm)AVol I0.030 (0.8) to and including 0.050 (1.2)0.080 (2.0) over 0.050 (1.2) to and including 18 (3.2)316 (4.8
28、) over 18 (3.2) to and including 14 (6.4)Vol II38 (9.5) over 14 (6.4) to and including 12 (13)34 (19) over 12 (13) to and including 112 (38)2 (51) over 112 (38) to and including 3 (76)Vol III5 (127) over 3.0 (76) to and including 8 (203)A In the special cases of joining two members of unequal thickn
29、ess, the standardapplicable to the thinner member shall be used.E390 1526.4 Slag Inclusions are particles of slag entrapped in the weld metal or along the fusion planes. The particles appear darker thanthe surrounding area and may be irregular in shape or elongated in the direction of the deposited
30、weld bead.6.5 Lack of Fusion is a discontinuity caused by molten weld metal which has failed to bond to the base metal or to a previouslydeposited weld bead. On the radiograph it appears as a dark indication usually elongated and varying in width.6.5.1 Although all of the illustrations for lack of f
31、usion show the discontinuity near the edge of a weld joint, this discontinuitymay exist anywhere in the weld.6.6 ACrack is a rupture of solidified metal. Cracks associated with welding may be longitudinal, transverse, or radially orientedand may occur in the weld metal, base metal, or through both.
32、Radially oriented cracks are called crater cracks because theygenerally originate in a weld bead crater. When the plane of the crack is perpendicular to the film, the radiographic image appearsas either a jagged or a straight line. As the plane of the crack deviates from the direction of the radiati
33、on beam, the appearanceof the crack becomes an increasingly broad and poorly defined line.6.7 Icicles (Teardrops) are fused droplets of weld metal extending beyond the root of the weld. They appear as individual,rounded, lighter indications with an occasional small dark spot in the center of a drop.
34、 Icicles occur in seams welded from one sideonly.6.8 ABurn Through is a melting of the metal from the root of the weld or through the backing strip. It appears on the radiographas an individual darkened area of elongated or rounded contour which may be surrounded by a lighter ring. This discontinuit
35、yoccurs in seams welded from one side only.TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness of Base MaterialDiscontinuity Type Base Material Thickness and Grading, in. (mm)0.030 (0.8) 0.080 (2.0)316 (4.8) 38 (9.5) 34 (19) 2 (51) 5 (127)Scattered porosity Grade 15Fine scattered porosit
36、y Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Coarse scattered porosity Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Clustered porosity Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Linear porosity (globular indications)A ungraded Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15
37、Grade 15 Grade 15Slag inclusions Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Tungsten inclusions Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 ungradedIncomplete penetration ungraded Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15Lack of fusion ungraded Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade 15 Grade
38、 15Elongated or worm hole porosity ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedBurn through ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedIcicles (teardrops) ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedLongitudinal crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedTransverse crack ungraded un
39、graded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedCrater crack ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedUndercut ungraded ungraded ungraded ungraded ungradedA The severity of linear porosity (globular indications) should be judged by their length and clustering rather than by their optical density.TABLE
40、3 Radiographic TechniqueABase MaterialThickness,in. (mm)kVp mA TimersSource-to-Film Dis-tance, in.Screens inCassettesFilm TypeASTME94BVol I0.030 (0.8) 90 10 180210 48 none 10.080 (2.0) 120 10 150210 48 none 1316 (4.8) 150 10 180270 48 0.005 in. Pb front 10.010 in. Pb backVol II38 (9.5) 175 10 175200
41、 48 0.005 in. Pb front C0.010 in. Pb back34 (19) 250 10 4365 60 0.005 in. Pb front 10.010 in. Pb back2 (51) 2000 or 60CoD 1.5 4553 108 0.005 in. Pb front 10.010 in. Pb backVol III5 (127) 2000 or 60CoD 1.5 420450 108 1A All films were processed by automatic film processors.B ASTM Guide E94.C Not defi
42、ned in Guide E94; manufacturers description isultra fine grain, high contrast.D These reference radiographs were made with 60Co.E390 1536.9 An Undercut is a longitudinal groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the toe of a weld and left unfilled with weldmetal. It appears as a dark linear indi
43、cation of indistinct outline adjacent to the edge of the weld. Undercut may be observed byvisual examination.Another type of undercut may occur in backing strip joints where the backing strip is left in place. It is causedby a melting away of the base metal at the root. This type is generally termed
44、 root undercut. It appears on the radiograph as arelatively straight and narrow dark line and can be located on either or both sides of the root opening location.7. Application of Reference Radiographs7.1 The following procedures are recommended in arriving at acceptance standards in the application
45、 of such standards to filminterpretation.7.1.1 The graded reference radiographs may be used in whole or in part as applicable to particular requirements.7.1.2 The length of the welding to which the selected standard applies shall be established. These designated lengths shall notcontain any disconti
46、nuity whose severity exceeds that in the reference.7.1.3 When the production radiograph is interpreted as showing equal or less severe discontinuities than the selected standard,the weld shall be judged radiographically acceptable. When the production radiograph is interpreted as showing greater sev
47、eritythan the selected standard, the weld shall be judged unacceptable and shall be repaired in accordance with contractual agreements.7.1.4 If more than one type of discontinuity occurs in the same radiograph, the predominating type alone shall governacceptability unless the severity represented by
48、 the combination of discontinuity types is such as to make the overall conditionunacceptable for the intended application.7.1.5 When two or more discontinuity types are present in the same radiograph to an extent equal to the maximum acceptablefor two of these types, the weld shall be judged unaccep
49、table, with repair welding to be done in accordance with contractualagreement.7.1.6 Where the reference image consists of a collection of discontinuities, as in the case of porosity, for example, acceptabilitymay be based on the aggregate size of the discontinuities present on both the reference radiograph and the object radiograph, themaximum defect size present, the spacing between discontinuities, or a combination of these or other criteria. These criteria mustbe determined based upon the partic
