1、Designation: E 55 91 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Practice forSampling Wrought Nonferrous Metals and Alloys forDetermination of Chemical Composition1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 55; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 Thi
3、s practice covers the sampling, for the determinationof chemical composition (Note 1), of nonferrous metals andalloys that have been reduced to their final form by mechanicalworking; that is, by such means as rolling, drawing, andextruding.1.1.1 Refer to Practice E 255 for copper and copper alloys.N
4、OTE 1The selection of correct portions of material and the prepa-ration of a representative sample from such portions are necessaryprerequisites to every analysis, the analysis being of no value unless thesample actually represents the average composition of the material fromwhich it was selected.1.
5、2 In special cases, when agreed upon by the purchaser andthe manufacturer, the heat analysis may be accepted as repre-sentative of the composition of the finished product. In suchcases, the identity of each heat of metal should be maintainedthrough each stage of the manufacturing process to the fina
6、lform. This method of sampling is not intended to apply underthese conditions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
7、its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 255 Practice for Sampling Copper and Copper Alloys forthe Determina
8、tion of Chemical Composition3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 portion, nthe term “portion” is used in this practiceto designate the selected pieces of material from which thesample is prepared.3.1.2 sample, nthe term “sample” is used in this practiceto designate
9、the final form of the material submitted foranalysis (drillings, millings, etc.). A representative sample isdefined as a small part containing the same ingredients in thesame proportions as they occur in the original lot or lots ofmaterial.4. Selection of Portion4.1 A portion representative of the t
10、otal shipment or ordershall be selected at random for the final sample. These portionsshall be so taken that minimum wastage of material is incurred,consistent with the required accuracy in sampling.4.2 Quantities of material withdrawn for sampling shallcomply with the requirements of the ASTM stand
11、ard coveringthat particular material.4.3 When portions are to be withdrawn from finishedmaterial, it is recommended that arrangements be made forexcess length or amount of material to provide the necessarysamples for inspection purposes.4.4 Broken tension test specimens may be used conve-niently in
12、place of specially selected portions when suchpractice is agreeable to the purchaser.5. Preparation of Sample5.1 Samples of material too thin to be handled convenientlyfor machining (drilling, milling, etc.) may be prepared byclipping. Usually clippings would be limited to materialthinner than 1.02
13、mm (0.040 in.). Drillings, sawings, ormillings shall be taken from material of heavier gage.5.2 Rods, bars, plates, shapes, tubes, and pipes shall besampled by milling the entire cross-section or by drillingentirely through the material at several points along their1This practice is under the jurisd
14、iction of ASTM Committee E01 on AnalyticalChemistry for Metals, Ores and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.05 on Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn, Be, their Alloys and Related Metals.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last
15、 previous edition approved in 2001 as E 55 91 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyrig
16、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.length. Sheets and strips may be folded once or more, bybringing the ends together and closing the bend; the portionmay then be milled on the inside sheared edges or drilledentirely through the
17、 flat surface. For the lighter gages, severalportions may be taken and stacked together before folding.5.3 Equal weights of drillings, millings, sawings, or clip-pings shall be taken from each piece representing the lot ofmaterial, and these shall be combined into one sample andthoroughly mixed.5.4
18、In some cases a complete section of the selectedportions may be required for spectrographic examination.Sections may therefore be taken and properly marked beforeusing the remainder of the portions for sampling operations;such sections may be supplied, together with the milled,drilled, or sawed samp
19、le, at the request of the purchaser.6. Details of Sampling6.1 The portions selected for the preparation of samples forchemical analysis, when testing for conformance with specifi-cations, shall be clean and free from scale, dirt, oil, grease, etc.If necessary, the portions may be cleaned in ethyl et
20、her oracetone, rinsed in ethanol, and dried before sampling. Scaleand dirt may be removed by suitable mechanical or chemicaltreatment of the metal; if chemical methods of cleaning areused, however, such operations should not alter the metalsurface in any way. When testing for pounds of metal con-tai
21、ned, as in the sale of scrap, these provisions do not apply asa general rule.6.2 The saw, drill, cutter or other tools used for samplingshall be thoroughly cleaned prior to use. Depth of cut, speed ofcutting, etc., shall be so regulated that excessive heating andconsequent oxidation of the sample sh
22、all be avoided.6.3 The chips obtained by milling, drilling, etc., should beuniformly small in size, particularly when such samples are tobe used for spectrographic analyses or for special chemicaldeterminations requiring a relatively finely divided sample.Very fine dust-like material should be avoid
23、ed. To facilitate thepreparations of chips of satisfactory size, V-shape chip-breaking grooves may be formed in the cutting edge of the toolby grinding or other convenient means at approximately rightangles to the cutting edge. The spacing of the grooves may varydepending upon the tool and would hav
24、e to be determined foreach application. The grooves in adjacent cutting edges shouldbe staggered.6.4 Lubricants are not required in the sampling of themajority of wrought metals and alloys. With certain refractoryalloys, lubrication may be necessary either to avoid excessiveoxidation of the sample,
25、to reduce power requirements, or tosave labor and time. In such cases, the use and choice of asatisfactory lubricant should be by mutual agreement betweenthe manufacturer and the purchaser. Lubricants should beselected that do not alter or change the composition of thesample during contact. Lubrican
26、ts should be completely re-moved as soon as possible after the sampling operation by theuse of suitable solvents, such as ethyl ether or acetone,followed by a final rinse in ethanol and drying.6.5 Drillings, millings, sawings, or clippings of nonmag-netic, nonferrous alloys shall be carefully treate
27、d with a strongmagnet to remove any particles of iron introduced in taking thesample. Contamination of this kind should be avoided as muchas possible by the use of suitable cutting tools. In the case ofsome metals, an acid dip may be required if low iron is critical.6.6 Drillings, millings, sawings,
28、 or clippings shall be care-fully examined, and any foreign material accidentally intro-duced in taking the sample shall be removed.7. Size of Sample and Storage7.1 The prepared sample shall weigh three times the amountrequired for the analysis and shall be divided into three equalparts, each of whi
29、ch shall be placed in a package and sealed,one for the seller, one for the purchaser, and one for an umpire,if necessary.7.2 Samples that are to be stored over long periods, or thatare oxidized readily or otherwise altered in composition undervarying atmospheric conditions, or that may become seriou
30、slycontaminated in contact with paper or cardboard, should bekept in wide-mouth glass bottles of approximately 56-g (2-oz)capacity, having tight-fitting screw caps of metal or, preferably,plastic composition. In other cases tight, leak-proof, papersample envelopes or cardboard cartons may be used to
31、 hold thesample.8. Resampling8.1 In the case of dissatisfaction, either party may requirethat the material be resampled in the presence of representa-tives of the seller and the purchaser. The thoroughly mixedsample shall be divided into three equal parts, each of whichshall be placed in a package a
32、nd sealed, one for the seller, onefor the purchaser, and one for an umpire, if necessary.9. Keywords9.1 alloys; sampling; wrought nonferrous metalsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users o
33、f this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every fiv
34、e years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical c
35、ommittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 55 91 (2005)2
