1、Designation: E55 11 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Practice forSampling Wrought Nonferrous Metals and Alloys forDetermination of Chemical Composition1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E55; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 T
3、his practice covers the sampling, for the determinationof chemical composition (Note 1), of nonferrous metals andalloys that have been reduced to their final form by mechanicalworking; that is, by such means as rolling, drawing, andextruding.1.1.1 Refer to Practice E255 for copper and copper alloys.
4、NOTE 1The selection of correct portions of material and the prepa-ration of a representative sample from such portions are necessaryprerequisites to every analysis, the analysis being of no value unless thesample actually represents the average composition of the material fromwhich it was selected.1
5、.2 In special cases, when agreed upon by the purchaser andthe manufacturer, the heat analysis may be accepted as repre-sentative of the composition of the finished product. In suchcases, the identity of each heat of metal should be maintainedthrough each stage of the manufacturing process to the fin
6、alform. This method of sampling is not intended to apply underthese conditions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
7、 use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard
8、-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry
9、 forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE255 Practice for Sampling Copper and Copper Alloys forthe Determination of Chemical Composition3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, seeTerminology E135.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 portion, nthe term “po
10、rtion” is used in this practiceto designate the selected pieces of material from which thesample is prepared.3.2.2 sample, nthe term “sample” is used in this practiceto designate the final form of the material submitted foranalysis (drillings, millings, etc.). A representative sample isdefined as a
11、small part containing the same ingredients in thesame proportions as they occur in the original lot or lots ofmaterial.4. Selection of Portion4.1 A portion representative of the total shipment or ordershall be selected at random for the final sample. These portionsshall be so taken that minimum wast
12、age of material is incurred,consistent with the required accuracy in sampling.4.2 Quantities of material withdrawn for sampling shallcomply with the requirements of the ASTM standard coveringthat particular material.4.3 When portions are to be withdrawn from finishedmaterial, it is recommended that
13、arrangements be made forexcess length or amount of material to provide the necessarysamples for inspection purposes.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on AnalyticalChemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.05 on
14、Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn, Be, Precious Metals, their Alloys, andRelated Metals.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E55 11 DOI:10.1520/E0055-11R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.
15、astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis int
16、ernational standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) C
17、ommittee.14.4 Broken tension test specimens may be used conve-niently in place of specially selected portions when suchpractice is agreeable to the purchaser.5. Preparation of Sample5.1 Samples of material too thin to be handled convenientlyfor machining (drilling, milling, etc.) may be prepared byc
18、lipping. Usually clippings would be limited to materialthinner than 1.02 mm (0.040 in.). Drillings, sawings, ormillings shall be taken from material of heavier gage.5.2 Rods, bars, plates, shapes, tubes, and pipes shall besampled by milling the entire cross-section or by drillingentirely through the
19、 material at several points along theirlength. Sheets and strips may be folded once or more, bybringing the ends together and closing the bend; the portionmay then be milled on the inside sheared edges or drilledentirely through the flat surface. For the lighter gages, severalportions may be taken a
20、nd stacked together before folding.5.3 Equal weights of drillings, millings, sawings, or clip-pings shall be taken from each piece representing the lot ofmaterial, and these shall be combined into one sample andthoroughly mixed.5.4 In some cases a complete section of the selectedportions may be requ
21、ired for spectrometric examination. Sec-tions may therefore be taken and properly marked before usingthe remainder of the portions for sampling operations; suchsections may be supplied, together with the milled, drilled, orsawed sample, at the request of the purchaser.6. Details of Sampling6.1 The p
22、ortions selected for the preparation of samples forchemical analysis, when testing for conformance withspecifications, shall be clean and free from scale, dirt, oil,grease, etc. If necessary, the portions may be cleaned in ethylether or acetone, rinsed in ethanol, and dried before sampling.Scale and
23、 dirt may be removed by suitable mechanical orchemical treatment of the metal; if chemical methods ofcleaning are used, however, such operations should not alterthe metal surface in any way. When testing for pounds of metalcontained, as in the sale of scrap, these provisions do not applyas a general
24、 rule.6.2 The saw, drill, cutter or other tools used for samplingshall be thoroughly cleaned prior to use. Depth of cut, speed ofcutting, etc., shall be so regulated that excessive heating andconsequent oxidation of the sample shall be avoided.6.3 The chips obtained by milling, drilling, etc., shoul
25、d beuniformly small in size, particularly when such samples are tobe used for spectrometric analyses or for special chemicaldeterminations requiring a relatively finely divided sample.Very fine dust-like material should be avoided. To facilitate thepreparations of chips of satisfactory size, V-shape
26、 chip-breaking grooves may be formed in the cutting edge of the toolby grinding or other convenient means at approximately rightangles to the cutting edge. The spacing of the grooves may varydepending upon the tool and would have to be determined foreach application. The grooves in adjacent cutting
27、edges shouldbe staggered.6.4 Lubricants are not required in the sampling of themajority of wrought metals and alloys. With certain refractoryalloys, lubrication may be necessary either to avoid excessiveoxidation of the sample, to reduce power requirements, or tosave labor and time. In such cases, t
28、he use and choice of asatisfactory lubricant should be by mutual agreement betweenthe manufacturer and the purchaser. Lubricants should beselected that do not alter or change the composition of thesample during contact. Lubricants should be completely re-moved as soon as possible after the sampling
29、operation by theuse of suitable solvents, such as ethyl ether or acetone,followed by a final rinse in ethanol and drying.6.5 Drillings, millings, sawings, or clippings ofnonmagnetic, nonferrous alloys shall be carefully treated witha strong magnet to remove any particles of iron introduced intaking
30、the sample. Contamination of this kind should beavoided as much as possible by the use of suitable cuttingtools, such as those made of carbide. In the case of somemetals, an acid dip may be required if low iron is critical.6.6 Drillings, millings, sawings, or clippings shall be care-fully examined,
31、and any foreign material accidentally intro-duced in taking the sample shall be removed.7. Size of Sample and Storage7.1 The prepared sample shall weigh three times the amountrequired for the analysis and shall be divided into three equalparts, each of which shall be placed in a package and sealed,o
32、ne for the seller, one for the purchaser, and one for an umpire,if necessary.7.2 Samples that are to be stored over long periods, or thatare oxidized readily or otherwise altered in composition undervarying atmospheric conditions, or that may become seriouslycontaminated in contact with paper or car
33、dboard, should bekept in wide-mouth glass bottles of approximately 56-g (2-oz)capacity, having tight-fitting screw caps of metal or, preferably,plastic composition. In other cases tight, leak-proof, papersample envelopes or cardboard cartons may be used to hold thesample.8. Resampling8.1 In the case
34、 of dissatisfaction, either party may requirethat the material be resampled in the presence of representa-tives of the seller and the purchaser. The thoroughly mixedsample shall be divided into three equal parts, each of whichshall be placed in a package and sealed, one for the seller, onefor the pu
35、rchaser, and one for an umpire, if necessary.9. Keywords9.1 alloys; sampling; wrought nonferrous metalsE55 11 (2017)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly
36、advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, eit
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38、. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Ind
39、ividual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 11 (2017)3
