1、Designation:E609aStandard Terminology Relating toMethods of Mechanical Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 6; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers the principal terms relating tomethods of mechanical
3、 testing of solids. The general defini-tions are restricted and interpreted, when necessary, to makethem particularly applicable and practicable for use in stan-dards requiring or relating to mechanical tests. These defini-tions are published to encourage uniformity of terminology inproduct specific
4、ations.1.2 Terms relating to fatigue and fracture testing are definedin Terminology E 1823.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 8/E 8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of MetallicMaterialsE 796 Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foil3E 1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Frac
5、ture Test-ing2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 International Vocabulary ofmetrologyBasic and general concepts and terms (VIM)3. Index of Cross-References and Associated Definitions3.1 The terms listed below are associated with terminologythat is fundamental or commonly used. The definition for
6、 theterm of interest is related to or is given below the definition forthe fundamental term cited.Termangular strain see strainaxial strain see strainbending strain see strainchord modulus see modulus of elasticitydirect verification see verificationcompressive stress see stresselastic constants see
7、 modulus of elasticity and Poissonsratioelastic modulus see modulus of elasticityengineering strain see strainengineering stress see stressfracture stress see stressindirect verification see verificationlinear (tensile or compressive) strain see strainmacrostrain see strainmalleability see ductility
8、microstrain see strainmodulus of rigidity see modulus of elasticitynominal stress see stressnormal stress see stressphysical properties see mechanical propertiespin see mandrel (in bend testing)plunger see mandrel (in bend testing)principal stress see stressresidual strain see strainresidual stress
9、see stressRockwell superficialhardness numbersee Rockwell hardness numbersecant modulus see modulus of elasticityshear strain see strainshear stress see stressstatic fatigue strength see creep rupture strengthstrain gauge fatigue life see fatigue lifestress-rupture strength see creep rupture strengt
10、htangent modulus see modulus of elasticitytensile stress see stresstorsional modulus see modulus of elasticitytorsional stress see stresstransverse strain see straintrue strain see straintrue stress see stressultimate tensile strength (UTS) see tensile strengthyield strength see also upper yield str
11、ength and loweryield strength1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.91 onTerminology except where designated otherwise. A subcommittee designation inparentheses following a definition indicates the s
12、ubcommittee with responsibility forthat definition.Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originallyapproved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E609.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service
13、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de
14、Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Terminology4.1 Terms and Definitions:accuracy, nthe permissible variation from the correct value.(E28.01)al
15、ignment, nthe condition of a testing machine and loadtrain (including the test specimen) that influences the intro-duction of bending moments into a specimen during tensileloading. (E28.04)angle of bend, nthe change in the angle between the twolegs of the specimen during a bend test, measured before
16、release of the bending forces.DISCUSSIONThe angle of bend is measured before release of thebending force, unless otherwise specified. (E28.02)angle of twist (torsion test), nthe angle of relative rotationmeasured in a plane normal to the torsion specimenslongitudinal axis over the gauge length. (E28
17、.04)bearing area L2, nthe product of the pin diameter andspecimen thickness. (E28.04)bearing force F, na compressive force on an interface.(E28.04)bearing strain, nthe ratio of the bearing deformation of thebearing hole, in the direction of the applied force, to the pindiameter. (E28.04)bearing stre
18、ngth FL2, nthe maximum bearing stresswhich a material is capable of sustaining. (E28.04)bearing stress FL2, nthe force per unit of bearing area.(E28.04)bearing yield strength FL2, nthe bearing stress at whicha material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from theproportionality of bearing stress
19、 to bearing strain. (E28.04)bend test, na test for ductility performed by bending orfolding a specimen, usually by steadily applied forces but insome instances by blows. The bending may be interrupted toexamine the bent surface for cracks.DISCUSSIONThe ductility is usually judged by whether or not t
20、hespecimen cracks under the specified conditions of the test.DISCUSSIONThere are four general types of bend tests according tothe manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make thebend. These are as follows:1. Free Bend2. Guided Bend3. Semi-Guided Bend4. Wrap-Around BendDISCUSSIONThe
21、 specimen has a substantially uniform cross-sectionand a length several times as great as the largest dimension of thecross-section. (E28.02)bias, statistical, na constant or systematic error in testresults. (E28.04)biaxial stretching, va mode of sheet metal forming in whichpositive strains are obse
22、rved in all directions at a givenlocation. (E28.02)breaking forceF, nthe force at which fracture occurs.DISCUSSIONWhen used in connection with tension tests of thinmaterials or materials of small diameter for which it is often difficult todistinguish between the breaking force and the maximum forced
23、eveloped, the latter is considered to be the breaking force.(E28.04)Brinell hardness number, HB , nindentation hardness testin which a number proportional to the quotient obtained bydividing the test force by the curved surface area of theindentation which is assumed to be sphereical and of thediame
24、ter of the ball.HBW 5 0.10232F/pDD D2 d2!1/2(1)where:F = test force, N,D = diameter of ball, mm, andd = mean diameter of the indentation, mm.DISCUSSIONIn former standards, a steel ball was allowed forhardness values below 450. In cases where a steel ball was used theBrinell hardness was denoted by H
25、B or HBS.DISCUSSIONThe symbol HBW is preceded by the hardness valuewhen the test is carried out under the following conditions:Ball diameter 10 mmForce 3000 kgfDuration of loading 10 to 15 sWhen other conditions are used, the hardness value and symbol aresupplemented by numbers indicating the test c
26、onditions in the follow-ing order: diameter of ball, force, and duration of loading. (E28.06)Brinell hardness test, nan indenter (tungsten carbide ball) isforced into the surface of a test piece and the diameter of theindentation left in the surface after removal of the test forceis measured.DISCUSS
27、IONThe tungsten carbide ball may be used for materialswith Brinell hardness not exceeding 650. (E28.06)calibration, na process that establishes, under specificconditions, the relationship between values indicated by ameasuring system and the corresponding values indicated byone or more standards.DIS
28、CUSSIONThis definition is intended to meet the principles of thedefinition of calibration provided by the ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology(VIM). (E28.91)calibration factor, nthe factor by which the change inextensometer reading must be multiplied
29、to obtain theequivalent strain.DISCUSSIONFor any extensometer, the calibration factor is equal tothe ratio of change in length to the product of the gauge length and thechange in extensometer reading. For direct-reading extensometers thecalibration factor is unity. (E28.01)compressive strength FL2,
30、nthe maximum compressivestress that a material is capable of sustaining. Compressivestrength is calculated by dividing the maximum force duringa compression test by the original cross-sectional area of thespecimen.DISCUSSIONIn the case of a material which fails in compression bya shattering fracture
31、, the compressive strength has a very definite value.In the case of materials which do not fail in compression by a shatteringfracture, the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitraryvalue depending upon the degree of distortion which is regarded asindicating complete failure of the mate
32、rial. (E28.04)compressometer, na specialized extensometer used forsensing negative or compressive strain. (E28.01)E609a2constraint, nany restriction to the deformation of a body.(E28.11)creep, nthe time-dependent strain that occurs after theapplication of a force which is thereafter maintained con-s
33、tant.DISCUSSIONCreep tests are usually made at constant force andtemperature. For tests on plastics, the initial strain however definedis included; for tests on metals the initial strain is not included.(E28.04)creep recovery, nthe time-dependent decrease in strain in asolid, following the removal o
34、f force.DISCUSSIONRecovery is usually determined at constant tempera-ture.DISCUSSIONIn tests of plastics, the initial recovery is generallyincluded; for metals it is not. Thermal expansion is excluded.(E28.04)creep rupture strength FL2, nthe stress causing fracturein a creep test at a given time, in
35、 a specified constantenvironment.DISCUSSIONThis is sometimes referred to as the stress-rupturestrength or -in glass technology- the static fatigue strength.(E28.04)creep strength FL2, nthe stress that causes a given creepin a creep test at a given time in a specified constantenvironment. (E28.04)dee
36、p drawing, va metal sheet forming operation in whichstrains on the sheet surface are positive in the direction of thepunch travel and negative at 90 to that direction.(E28.02)deflectometer, na specialized extensometer used for sensingof extension or motion, usually without reference to aspecific gau
37、ge length. (E28.01)Demeri split-ring test, na test the measures the springbackbehavior of sheet metal by comparing the diameter of a ringextracted from the wall of a flat bottom cup to the diameterof the same ring, split to release residual stresses.(E28.02)discontinuous yielding, na hesitation or f
38、luctuation of forceobserved at the onset of plastic deformation, due to localizedyielding.DISCUSSIONThe stress-strain curve need not appear to be discon-tinuous. (E28.04)discontinuous yielding stress, nthe peak stress at theinitiation of the first measurable serration on the curve ofstress-versus st
39、rain. (E28.04)ductility, nthe ability of a material to deform plasticallybefore fracturing.DISCUSSIONDuctility is usually evaluated by measuring (1) theelongation or reduction of area from a tension test, (2) the depth of cupfrom a cupping test, (3) the radius or angle of bend from the bend test,or
40、(4) the fatigue ductility from the fatigue ductility test (see TestMethod E 796).DISCUSSIONMalleability is the ability to deform plastically underrepetitive compressive forces. (E28.02)dynamic mechanical measurement, na technique in whicheither the modulus or damping, or both, of a substance underos
41、cillatory applied force or displacement is measured as afunction of temperature, frequency, or time, or a combina-tion thereof. (E28.04)eccentricity, nthe distance between the line of action of theapplied force and the axis of symmetry of the specimen in aplane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis
42、 of the specimen.(E28.04)edge distance L, nthe distance from the edge of a bearingspecimen to the center of the hole in the direction of appliedforce. (E28.04)edge distance ratio, nthe ratio of the edge distance to thepin diameter. (E28.04)elastic calibration device, na device used in verifying thef
43、orce readings of a testing machine consisting of an elasticmember(s) to which forces may be applied, combined with amechanism or device for indicating the magnitude (or aquantity proportional to the magnitude) of deformation ofthe member under an applied force. (E28.01)elastic force measuring device
44、, na device or system con-sisting of an elastic member combined with a device forindicating the magnitude (or a quantity proportional to themagnitude) of deformation of the member under an appliedforce. (E28.01)elastic limit FL2, nthe greatest stress which a material iscapable of sustaining without
45、any permanent strain remain-ing upon complete release of the stress.DISCUSSIONDue to practical considerations in determining theelastic limit, measurements of strain, using a small force rather thanzero force, are usually taken as the initial and final reference.elongation, El, nthe increase in gaug
46、e length of a bodysubjected to a tension force, referenced to a gauge length onthe body. Usually elongation is expressed as a percentage ofthe original gauge length.DISCUSSIONThe increase in gauge length may be determined eitherat or after fracture, as specified for the material under test.DISCUSSIO
47、NThe term elongation, when applied to metals, generallymeans measurement after fracture; when applied to plastics andelastomers, measurement at fracture. Such interpretation is usuallyapplicable to values of elongation reported in the literature when nofurther qualification is given.DISCUSSIONIn rep
48、orting values of elongation the gauge length shallbe stated.DISCUSSIONElongation is affected by specimen geometry (area andshape of cross section, parallel length, parallelism, fillet radii, etc.),preparation (degree to which surfaces within the reduced section aresmooth and free of cold work), and
49、test procedure (alignment and testspeed, for example). (E28.04)error, nfor a measurement or reading, the amount it deviatesfrom a known or reference value, represented by a measure-ment standard. Mathematically, the error is calculated bysubtracting the accepted value from the measurement orreading. (See also percent error.) (E28.91)extensometer, na device for sensing strain. (E28.01)extensometer system, na system for sensing and indicatingstrain.DISCUSSIONThe system will norma
