1、Designation: E88 11 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Practice forSampling Nonferrous Metals and Alloys in Cast Form forDetermination of Chemical Composition1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E88; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope
3、1.1 This practice covers the sampling, for the determinationof chemical composition (Note 1) of nonferrous metals andalloys, excluding aluminum, in cast form for remelting ormechanical working.1.1.1 Refer to Practice E255 for copper and copper alloys.NOTE 1The selection of correct portions of materi
4、al and the prepa-ration of a representative sample from such portions are necessaryprerequisites to every analysis, the analysis being of no value unless thesample actually represents the average composition of the material fromwhich it was selected.1.2 When agreed upon between the purchaser and the
5、manufacturer, the heat sample and analysis may be accepted asrepresentative of the composition of the metal. In such cases,each lot must be properly identified with the heats from whichit was made.1.3 This practice is intended to cover the general principlesof sampling applicable to nonferrous metal
6、s in cast form and isnot intended to supersede or replace existing specificationrequirements for sampling of a particular material.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address al
7、l of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance wi
8、th internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard
9、s:2E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE255 Practice for Sampling Copper and Copper Alloys forthe Determination of Chemical Composition3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer toTerminology E135.3.2 Definitions of Ter
10、ms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 portion, nthe term “portion” is used in this practiceto designate the selected ingots, slabs, etc., from which thesample is prepared.3.2.2 sample, nthe term “sample” is used in this practiceto designate the final form of the material submitted foranalysis (drilling
11、s, millings, etc.). A representative sample maybest be defined as a small part containing the same componentsin the same proportions as they occur in the relatively largemass of the original lot or lots of material.4. Selection of Portion4.1 Aportion representative of the total shipment or lot shall
12、be taken for sampling. This portion shall be so selected that aminimum wastage of material is incurred, consistent with therequired accuracy in sampling.4.2 The number of ingots, slabs, etc., selected to constitutethis portion shall comply with the requirements of the ASTMspecifications covering tha
13、t particular material.5. Preparation of Sample5.1 Machinable materials shall be sampled by drilling,milling, or sawing. Materials that are too difficult to machinemay be ground or crushed.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on AnalyticalChemistry for Metals, Ores, and Rela
14、ted Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E01.05 on Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn, Be, Precious Metals, their Alloys, andRelated Metals.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E88 11. DOI:10.1520
15、/E0088-11R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
16、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations i
17、ssued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.2 Machinable materials in form of bar, billet, ingot, slab,cake, etc., shall be sampled by drilling five holes approxi-mately 1.27 cm (12 in.) in diameter at points equally spacedbetween the ends of the pieces along
18、 a diagonal line. Thedrilling shall be through the total thickness and, if necessary,drilled from both directions, top and bottom.5.3 Alternatively, any of the forms mentioned in 5.2 may bemilled or sawed at similar points through a section from side tocenter or through an entire cross-section of th
19、e piece.5.4 Materials too difficult to be machined, commonly inlump form, shall be reduced in size by passing through a jawor roll crusher or broken in a mortar to a particle size that willpass a No. 14 (1.40-mm) sieve.6. Details of Sampling6.1 The ingots, slabs, etc., selected for the preparation o
20、f thesample for chemical analysis, when testing for compliancewith specifications, shall be cleaned, if necessary, to removescale, dirt, oil, grease, etc.6.2 The saw, drills, cutter, or other tools used for samplingshall be thoroughly cleaned prior to use. Depth of cut, speed ofcutting, etc., shall
21、be so regulated that excessive heating andconsequent oxidation of the sample shall be avoided.6.3 The chips obtained by milling, drilling, etc., shouldpreferably be uniformly small in size. Very fine dust-likematerial should be avoided.NOTE 2To facilitate the preparation of chips of satisfactory siz
22、e,V-shape chip-breaking grooves may be formed in the cutting edge of thetool by grinding or other convenient means at approximately right anglesto the cutting edge. The spacing of the grooves may vary depending uponthe tool and would have to be determined for each application. Thegrooves in adjacent
23、 cutting edges should be staggered.6.4 Lubricants are not required in the sampling of themajority of casting metals and alloys. With certain alloys,lubrication may be necessary either to avoid excessive oxida-tion or dusting of the sample. In such cases, the choice and useof a satisfactory lubricant
24、 should be by mutual agreementbetween the manufacturer and the purchaser. Lubricants shouldbe selected that do not alter or change the composition of thesample during contact. Lubricants should be completely re-moved as soon as possible after the sampling operation by theuse of suitable solvents (su
25、ch as ethyl ether, acetone, oralcohol) and drying.6.5 Drillings, millings, or sawings, or nonmagnetic, nonfer-rous alloys shall be treated with a strong magnet to remove anyparticles of iron introduced in taking the sample. Carbide toolsmay be used, where practical, to minimize iron contamination.In
26、 the case of some metals, an acid dip may be required if lowiron is critical.6.6 Drillings, millings, sawings, or clippings shall be care-fully examined, and any foreign material accidentally intro-duced in taking the sample shall be removed.7. Size of Sample and Storage7.1 Weight of the prepared sa
27、mple shall comply with thesample requirements of the ASTM specification covering thatparticular material, but shall not be less than 100 g. The sampleshall be divided into three equal parts, each of which shall beplaced in a package and sealed; one for the seller, one for thepurchaser, and one for a
28、n umpire.7.2 Samples that are to be stored over long periods, or thatare oxidized readily or otherwise altered in composition undervarying atmospheric conditions, or that may become seriouslycontaminated in contact with paper or cardboard, should bekept in wide-mouth glass bottles having tight-fitti
29、ng closures.In other cases tight, leak-proof, paper sample envelopes orcardboard cartons may be used to hold the sample.8. Resampling8.1 In case of dissatisfaction, either party may require thatthe material be resampled in the presence of representatives ofthe seller and the purchaser. The thoroughl
30、y mixed sampleshall be divided into three equal parts, each of which shall beplaced in a package and sealed: one for the seller, one for thepurchaser, and one for an umpire.9. Keywords9.1 alloys; cast nonferrous metals; samplingASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any pate
31、nt rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision
32、at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comme
33、nts will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted
34、 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 11 (2017)2
