1、Designation: E94 04 (Reapproved 2010)E94/E94M 17Standard Guide forRadiographic Examination Using Industrial RadiographicFilm1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E94;E94/E94M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide2
3、covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic filmrecording. It includes statements about preferred practice without discussing the technical background which justifies thepreference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard documents
4、of other societies is included for additional informationon the subject.1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined; radiographic examination techniques and production methods;radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a list of
5、available referenceradiograph documents.NOTE 1Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice E1025, Test Methods E1030, and E1032.1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and follows many of the same general principles of film based radiography butwith many important differences. Th
6、e user is referred to standards for digital radiography E2597, E2698, E2736, and E2737 fordigital detector array (DDA) radiography and E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed radiography(CR) ifconsidering the use of digital radiography.1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance StandardsInterpreta
7、tion and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyondlisting the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognizedto be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement
8、between producer andpurchaser.1.5 Safety PracticesProblems of personnel protection against X rays and gamma rays are not covered by this document. Forinformation on this important aspect of radiography, reference should be made to the current document of the National Committeeon Radiation Protection
9、 and Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, NationalBureau of Standards, and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation safety information refer to NISTHandbook ANSI 43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulation
10、s for agreement states.1.6 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values statedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system should be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may
11、 result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should be qualified in accordance with Specification E543.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this stand
12、ard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. (See 1.41.5.)1.6 If an NDT agency is used, the agency shall be qualified in accordance with Practice E543.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with i
13、nternationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
14、 Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X andGamma) Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2010June 1, 2017. Published November 2010August 2017. Originally approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as E94 - 04.
15、E94 - 04(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E0094-04R10.10.1520/E0094_E0094M-17.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Guide SE-94 in Section V of that Code.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes
16、have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official
17、document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive TestingE746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Indu
18、strial Radiographic Imaging SystemsE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used forRadiologyE801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Examination of Electronic DevicesE999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Indus
19、trial Radiographic Film ProcessingE1000 Guide for RadioscopyE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE1030 Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic CastingsE1032 Test Method for Radiographic Exa
20、mination of WeldmentsE1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission DensitometersE1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed Industrial Radiographic FilmsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing Industrial RadiographsE1735 Test M
21、ethod for Determining Relative Image Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation from 4 to25 MeVE1742 Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial RadiographyE1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examinat
22、ion by Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)E2007 Guide for Computed RadiographyE2033 Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)E2445/E2445M Practice for Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability of Computed Radiography SystemsE2446 Practice for Manufacturing
23、 Characterization of Computed Radiography SystemsE2597 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digital Detector ArraysE2698 Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector ArraysE2736 Guide for Digital Detector Array RadiologyE2737 Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance
24、Evaluation and Long-Term Stability2.2 ANSI Standards:PH1.41 Specifications for Photographic Film for Archival Records, Silver-Gelatin Type, on Polyester BaseSilver Type4PH2.22 Methods for Determining Safety Times of Photographic Darkroom IlluminationPhotography (Sensitometry)Determination of Safelig
25、ht Conditions4PH4.8 Methylene Blue Method for Measuring Thiosulfate and Silver Densitometric Method for Measuring Residual Chemicalsin Films, Plates, and Papers4T9.1 Imaging Media (Film)Silver-Gelatin Type Specifications for Stability4T9.2 Imaging MediaPhotographic Process Film PlateProcessed Films,
26、 Plates, and Paper Filing Enclosures and StorageContainers42.3 Federal Standards:Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1020.40, Safety Requirements of Cabinet X-Ray Systems5Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.96, Ionizing Radiation (X-Rays, RF, etc.)52.4 Other Document:ISO 18917 P
27、hotographyDetermination of residual thiosulphate and other related chemicals in processed photographicmaterialsMethods using iodine-amylose, methylene blue and silver sulfideNBS Handbook ANSI N43.3 General Radiation Safety Installations Using NonMedical X-Ray and Sealed GammaGamma-RaySources up to 1
28、0 MeV63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology E1316.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standa
29、rds Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.6 Avai
30、lable from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161.5301 Shawnee Rd,Alexandria, VA 22312.E94/E94M 1724. Significance and Use4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, this guide is generally applicable to availa
31、ble materials, processes, andtechniques where industrial radiographic films are used as the recording media.4.2 LimitationsThis guide does not take into consideration the benefits and limitations of nonfilm radiography such asfluoroscopy, digital detector arrays, or computed radiography. Refer to Gu
32、ides E1000, E2736, and E2007.4.3 LimitationsThis guide does not take into consideration special benefits and limitations resulting from the use of nonfilmrecording media or readouts such as paper, tapes, xeroradiography, fluoroscopy, and electronic image intensification devices.Although reference is
33、 made to documents that may be used in the identification and grading, where applicable, of representativediscontinuities in common metal castings and welds, no attempt has been made to set standards of acceptance for any material orproduction process. Radiography will be consistent in sensitivity a
34、nd resolution only if the effect of all details of techniques, suchas geometry, film, filtration, viewing, etc., is obtained and maintained.4.4 Radiography will be consistent in image quality (contrast sensitivity and definition) only if all details of techniques, suchas geometry, film, filtration,
35、viewing, etc., are obtained and maintained.5. Quality of RadiographsEquipment and Configuration5.1 To obtain quality radiographs, it is necessary to consider as a minimum the following list of items. Detailed information oneach item is further described in this guide.5.1.1 Radiation source (X-ray or
36、 gamma),5.1.2 Voltage selection (X-ray),Energy selection,5.1.3 Source size (X-ray or gamma),focal spot dimension or gamma source size),5.1.4 Ways and means to eliminate scattered radiation,5.1.5 Film system class,5.1.6 Source to filmSource-to-film and object-to-film distance,5.1.7 Image quality indi
37、cators (IQIs),(IQIs),5.1.8 Screens and filters,5.1.9 Geometry of part or component configuration,5.1.10 Identification and location markers, and5.1.11 Radiographic quality level.6. Radiographic Quality Level6.1 Image Quality Indicators (IQIs) are devices placed within a radiographic set-up to indica
38、te that a certain contrast sensitivityand definition has been achieved. IQIs demonstrating the required sensitivity level do not guarantee that a similar size flaw in apart will be detected but indicate that the radiographic quality has been met. Information on the design and manufacture of imagequa
39、lity indicators (IQIs)(IQIs) can be found in Practices E747, E801, E1025, and E1742.6.2 Radiographic quality level is usually expressed in percent of part thickness and diameter of feature to be detected. If a singlepercent number is given, the feature diameter is assumed to be twice the given perce
40、nt thickness of the part. For example, if 2%is given for one inch 25.4 mm thick part, the feature diameter is 2 0.02 1 in. 25.4 mm or 0.04 in. 1.016 mm. Image qualitylevels using hole-type IQIs (see Practice E1025) are designated by a two part expression X-YT. The first part of the expression Xrefer
41、s to the IQI thickness expressed as a percentage of the specimen thickness. The second part of the expression YT refers to thediameter of the hole and is expressed as a multiple of the IQI thickness, T. The image quality level usually2-2T required forradiography is 2 %means that the IQI thickness (2
42、-2TT when using hole type IQI) unless a higher or lower quality is agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the supplier. At the 2 % subject contrast level, three quality levels of inspection, 2-1T, 2-2T, and 2-4T,are available through the design and application ofis 2% of the specimen thickness and tha
43、t the diameter of the IQI imaged holeis 2 times the IQI thickness. If using wire IQIs, the wire set and wire number are designated. Correspondence between hole-typeand wire-type IQIs is given in Practice E747the IQI (Practice. Hole- and E1025, Table 1). Other levels of inspection are availablein Pra
44、cticewire-type IQIs are the major types used for industrial radiography. Other E1025 Table 1. types may also be used (forexample, see Practice E1817). The quality level usually required for radiography is 2 % (2-2T when using hole type IQI) unlessa higher or lower quality is agreed upon between the
45、purchaser and the supplier. The level of inspection specified should be basedon the service requirements of the product. Great care should be taken in specifying quality levels 2-1T,2-1T, 1-1T,1-1T, and1-2T1-2T by first determining that these quality levels can be maintained in production radiograph
46、y.NOTE 2The first number of the quality level designation refers to IQI thickness expressed as a percentage of specimen thickness; the second numberrefers to the diameter of the IQI hole that must be visible on the radiograph, expressed as a multiple of penetrameter thickness, T.6.3 If IQIsIQIs of m
47、aterial radiographically similar to that being examined are not available, IQIsIQIs of the requireddimensions but of a lower-absorption material may be used.6.4 The quality level required using wire IQIs shallIQIs should be equivalent to the 2-2T level of Practice E1025 unless ahigher or lower quali
48、ty level is agreed upon between purchaser and supplier. Table 4 of Practice E747 givesprovides a list ofE94/E94M 173various hole-type IQIsIQIs and the corresponding diameter of the wires of corresponding EPS to achieve the EquivalentPenetrameter Sensitivity (EPS) with the applicable 1T, 2T, and 4T h
49、oles in the plaque IQI. Appendix X1 of Practice E747 givesthe equation for calculating other equivalencies, if needed.7. Energy Selection7.1 X-ray energy affects image quality. In general, the lower the energy of the source utilized the higher the achievableradiographic contrast, however, other variables such as excessive dose geometry and scatter conditions may override the potentialadvantage of higher contrast. For a particular energy, a range of thicknesses which are a multiple of the half value layer, may beradiographed to an acceptable quality l
