1、Designation: E 1001 06Standard Practice forDetection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by theImmersed Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Method Using LongitudinalWaves1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1001; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. S
3、cope1.1 This practice describes procedures for the ultrasonicexamination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed,longitudinal waves through a liquid couplant into the materialand observing the indications of reflected waves (see Fig. 1). Itcovers only examinations in which one search unit
4、is used asboth transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo) and in which the partor material being examined is coupled to the test part by aliquid column or is totally submerged in the couplant (eithermethod is considered to be immersion testing). This practiceincludes general requirements and procedures w
5、hich may beused for detecting discontinuities and for making a relative orapproximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities.1.2 This practice replaces Practice E 214 and provides moredetailed procedures for the selection, calibration, and operationof an inspection system and for evaluation of th
6、e indicationsobtained.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
7、to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1212 Practice for Fabricating Ceramic Reference Speci-mens Containing Seeded VoidsC 1336 Practice for Fabricating Non-Oxide Ceramic Refer-ence Specimens Containing Seeded InclusionsE 127 Practice for Fabricating and Checking AluminumAlloy Ultrasoni
8、c Standard Reference BlocksE 317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristicsof Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE 428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Otherthan Aluminum Reference, Blocks Used in Ultrasoni
9、cExaminationE 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Documents:3SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and
10、Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 Aerospace Industries Association Document:NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel4NOTE 1For DoD contracts, unless otherwise specified the issues ofthe documents, which are DoD adopted, are those listed in the is
11、sue of theDoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Specifications Standards) citedin the solicitation.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, seeTerminology E 1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 effective beam diameterthat distance
12、through whicha search unit can be traversed across a calibration reflector sothat the corresponding echo amplitude is at least one half (-6dB) of the maximum amplitude. The effective beam diameter isnot a characteristic of the search unit alone, but is dependent onpropagating medium, distance to the
13、 discontinuity, reflectorgeometry, etc.3.2.2 scan indexthe length of the step created by indexingthe scan of the search unit over the part, that is continuously1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E
14、07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 1001 - 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Ann
15、ual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America,
16、 Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.scanning in one direction, then stepping in the directionperpendicular to the scan or maki
17、ng a linear advance perrotation (pitch) for rotary scan of cylindrical parts. Theallowable scan index should be correlated with the search uniteffective beam diameter to ensure full coverage of the part asdescribed in 8.2 below.3.2.3 transfera change in scanning gain to compensate fordifferences in
18、attenuation of the reference standard and the partor material being inspected.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes a means for obtaining an evalu-ation of discontinuities in materials by immersed examinationwith longitudinal ultrasonic waves. Equipment, reference stan-dards, examination
19、 and evaluation procedures, and documen-tation are described in detail.5. Basis of Application5.1 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contractualagreement, personnel performing examinations to this standardshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recognizedNDT personnel qualificatio
20、n practice or standard such asANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similardocument certified by the employer or certifying agency, asapplicable. The practice or standard used and its applicablerevision shall be identified in the contractual agreement be-tween the using parties.5.2 Written Proc
21、edureA detailed written procedure shallbe used for the performance of ultrasonic examinations inaccordance with this practice. The written procedure shouldaddress all applicable portions of this practice, for the purposesof consistency in application and the repeatability of theexamination results.
22、Specific requirements regarding prepara-tion and approval of the written procedure should be deter-mined by purchaser and supplier agreement.6. Significance and Use6.1 This practice provides guidelines for the application ofimmersed longitudinal wave examination to the detection andquantitative eval
23、uation of discontinuities in materials.6.2 Although not all requirements of this practice can beapplied universally to all inspection situations and materials, itdoes provide a basis for establishing contractual criteriabetween suppliers and purchasers of materials for performingimmersed pulse-echo
24、examination, and may be used as ageneral guide for writing detailed specifications for particularapplications.6.3 This practice is directed towards the evaluation ofdiscontinuities detectable at normal beam incidence. If discon-tinuities at other orientations are of concern, alternate scanningtechni
25、ques are required.7. Apparatus7.1 Electronic EquipmentThe electronic equipmentshould be capable of producing and processing electronicsignals at frequencies in the range of search unit frequenciesbeing used. The equipment and its display should be capable ofmeeting the requirements to be completed i
26、n Table 1, as agreedupon between the supplier and the purchaser, and as measuredin accordance with procedures described in Practice E 317 orequivalent procedures (see Note 2). These requirements areapplicable only for the frequencies required for the inspection.Also, the equipment, including the sea
27、rch unit, should becapable of producing echo amplitudes of at least 60 %, of fullscale, with the noise level no greater than 20 %, from theappropriate reference reflector at a material distance equal tothe thickness of the part to be inspected. Alternatively, if theseFIG. 1 Basic Immersion SetupTABL
28、E 1 Minimum Equipment Requirements (Longitudinal Wave)Instrument CharacteristicsUltrasonic TestFrequency, MHz2.25 5.0 10.0 15.0Vertical limit, in. mm, trace to peak or percent of fullscreen heightUpper linearity limit, in. mm, trace to peak or percentof full screen heightLower linearity limit, in. m
29、m, trace to peak or percentof full screen heightUltrasonic sensitivity, reflector size, material distance,in. mmSignal-to-noise ratioEntry surface resolution, in. mmBack surface resolution, in. mmHorizontal limit, in. mm or percent of full screen widthHorizontal linearity range, in. mm or percent of
30、 fullscreen widthE1001062conditions can be met at one half the part thickness, the partmay be inspected from both sides. The instrument must have apulser of the sufficient voltage, repetition rate and waveshapeto provide total volume coverage at the desired scanning speed.NOTE 2Significantly higher
31、frequencies than those shown in Table 1(for example, 50 MHz) may be necessary for the smaller critical flaw sizeof advanced ceramics.7.2 Voltage RegulatorIf fluctuations in line voltage causevariations exceeding 65 % of the vertical limit in an indicationwith an amplitude of one half the vertical li
32、mit, a voltageregulator should be required on the power source. Thisrequirement is not applicable to battery-operated units.7.3 Search UnitsThe search unit selected should be com-patible with the electronic equipment being used and with thematerial to be inspected. The search units should be of thei
33、mmersion type. Only straight-beam (longitudinal) searchunits, with flat or focused acoustic lenses, should be used.Focused or dual element search units may provide betternear-surface resolution and detection of small discontinuities.Generally, round or rectangular search units are used forexaminatio
34、n whereas round search units with symmetricalsound beam patterns are used for evaluation.7.4 AlarmFor the examination of parts or material withregular shape and parallel surfaces, such as plate, machined barstock, and forgings, an audible alarm should be used inpreference to a visual alarm, since th
35、e examination process canbe accomplished at a speed which prevents reliable visualmonitoring of the instrument screen.As a matter of practicality,an audible alarm should be used in conjunction with visualmonitoring wherever possible. The alarm should be adjustableto allow triggering at any commonly
36、required level of indica-tion amplitude and depth of material. During operation theaudible or visible signal produced by the alarm should be easilydetectable by the operator.NOTE 3Alarm requirements are not applicable if recording equipmentis used unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreem
37、ent.7.4.1 Alarm Gate SynchronizationTo ensure that thealarm gate tracks the inspection area, the gate should lock onthe first interface pulse from the test piece rather than on theinitial pulse from the system. Gating from the initial pulse canresult in either partial loss of the inspection area fro
38、m the gate,or the inclusion of the back reflection and interface signal in thegated area. This will trigger the gate as would an imperfection.7.5 Manipulating Equipment should be provided to ad-equately support a search tube, containing the search unit, andto allow angular adjustment in two mutually
39、 perpendicular,vertical planes. A manipulator may be attached between thesearch tube and search unit to provide the necessary angularadjustments. The scanning and indexing apparatus should havesufficient structural rigidity to provide support for the manipu-lator and should allow smooth, accurate po
40、sitioning of thesearch unit. This apparatus should permit control of the scan inaccordance with 9.3.1 and control of the index in accordancewith 9.2.1. Also, the scanning apparatus should be sufficientlyrigid to keep search unit backlash to within tolerances asspecified in the contractual agreement.
41、 Water-path distancesshould be continuously adjustable.7.6 TankThe container or tank should permit accuratepositioning of the search unit, reference blocks, and part ormaterial to be examined in accordance with the requirements ofSection 8.7.7 Reference StandardsUltrasonic reference blocks, orrefere
42、nce specimens, are used to standardize the ultrasonicequipment and to evaluate the indications received fromdiscontinuities within the test part. The ultrasonic characteris-tics of the reference standards such as attenuation, noise level,surface condition, and sound velocity, should be similar to th
43、ematerial being inspected. Metal reference standards should notbe used for examining advanced ceramics because of the largedifferences in attenuation velocity and acoustic impedance.Standardization (1) verifies that the instrument/search unitcombination is performing as required, and (2) establishes
44、 adetection level for discontinuities. Reference blocks as de-scribed in Practices E 127 and E 428 have been used asstandards for calibrating system performance, and may con-tinue to be so used in cases where much empirical evidence hasshown that satisfactory inspection results are obtained. How-eve
45、r, it is more desirable in the general case to use a partidentical in shape, dimensions and material properties to theparts to be inspected. (See Ref. (1)5.)7.7.1 Flat BlocksThe three most commonly used sets ofreference blocks are (1) area-amplitude blocks, containingblocks with the same material pa
46、th and various sizes ofreference reflectors; (2) distance-amplitude blocks containingblocks with one-size reference reflector at various materialpaths; and (3) a combination including both area-amplitude anddistance-amplitude blocks in one set. These sets are describedin Practice E 127. However, in
47、general their use is notrecommended for system calibration (see 7.7 above). Othertypes of reference blocks may be used when mutually agreedupon between the supplier and the purchaser. Practices C 1212and C 1336 containing seeded voids and seeded inclusions maybe used for advanced ceramics.7.7.2 Curv
48、ed SurfacesReference blocks with flat surfacesshould not be used for establishing gain settings for examina-tions on test surfaces with radii of curvature less than about 8in. 200 mm. For test surfaces with radii of curvature less than5 in., reference blocks with the same nominal curvature shouldbe
49、used, unless otherwise agreed upon between the supplierand the purchaser. (See (2).)7.8 Reference Reflectors (Targets)Flat-bottom holes,(FBH), or other artificial discontinuities, located either directlyin the test part or material, in a representative sample of thepart or material, or, if previously found to yield satisfactoryinspection, in reference blocks, should be used to establish thereference echo amplitude or to perform distance-amplitudecorrection, or both. For most examinations, the bottom surfaceof a suitable diameter flat-bottom hole is t
