1、Designation: E1001 16Standard Practice forDetection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by theImmersed Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Method Using LongitudinalWaves1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1001; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1.
3、 Scope*1.1 This practice describes procedures for the ultrasonicexamination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed,longitudinal waves through a liquid couplant into the materialand observing the indications of reflected waves (see Fig. 1). Itcovers only examinations in which one search un
4、it is used asboth transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo) and in which the partor material being examined is coupled to the part by a liquidcolumn or is totally submerged in the couplant (either methodis considered to be immersion testing). This practice includesgeneral requirements and procedures whi
5、ch may be used fordetecting discontinuities and for making a relative or approxi-mate evaluation of the size of discontinuities.1.2 This practice replaces Practice E214 and provides moredetailed procedures for the selection, standardization, andoperation of an examination system and for evaluation o
6、f theindications obtained.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of t
7、hesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1212 Practice for Fabrica
8、ting Ceramic Reference Speci-mens Containing Seeded VoidsC1336 Practice for Fabricating Non-Oxide Ceramic Refer-ence Specimens Containing Seeded InclusionsE127 Practice for Fabrication and Control of AluminumAlloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference BlocksE317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Character
9、istics ofUltrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Otherthan Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in UltrasonicTestingE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1158 G
10、uide for Material Selection and Fabrication ofReference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ul-trasonic Testing of Metal and Metal Alloy ProductionMaterialE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Documents:3SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certific
11、ation in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT-CP-189 for Qualification and Certification ofNondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 Aerospace Industries Association Document:4NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting PersonnelNOTE 1For DoD contracts, unless otherwise specified the issue
12、s of thedocuments, which are DoD adopted, are those listed in the issue of theDoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Specifications Standards) citedin the solicitation.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcom
13、mittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1001 - 11. DOI:10.1520/E1001-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi
14、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4Available fro
15、m Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
16、2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiziation Technic
17、al Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.4 ISO Documents5ISO 9712 Non-destructive TestingQualification and Cer-tification for NDT Personnel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thispractice, see Terminology E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 effecti
18、ve beam diameterthat distance through whicha search unit can be traversed across a reference reflector sothat the corresponding echo amplitude is at least one half (-6dB) of the maximum amplitude. The effective beam diameter isnot a characteristic of the search unit alone, but is dependent onpropaga
19、ting medium, distance to the discontinuity, reflectorgeometry, etc.3.2.2 scan indexthe length of the step created by indexingthe scan of the search unit over the part, that is continuouslyscanning in one direction, then stepping in the directionperpendicular to the scan or making a linear advance pe
20、rrotation (pitch) for rotary scan of cylindrical parts. Theallowable scan index should be correlated with the search uniteffective beam diameter to ensure full coverage of the part asdescribed in 8.2 below.3.2.3 transfera change in scanning gain to compensate fordifferences in attenuation of the ref
21、erence standard and the partor material being examined.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes a means for obtaining an evalu-ation of discontinuities in materials by immersed examinationwith longitudinal ultrasonic waves. Equipment, referencestandards, examination and evaluation procedure
22、s, and docu-mentation are described in detail.5. Basis of Application5.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this standard.5.2 Personnel Qualification:5.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnelperforming examinations to t
23、his standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally or internationally recognizedNDT personnel qualification practice or standard such asANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, ISO 9712, or asimilar document and certified by the employer or certifyingagency, as applicable. The practice or s
24、tandard used and itsapplicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agree-ment between the using parties.5.3 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Specification E543. The appli-cable e
25、dition of Specification E543 shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.5.4 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures and tech-niques to be utilized shall be as specified in the contractualagreement.5.5 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surfacepreparation criteria shall be in accordance with
26、8.1 unlessotherwise specified.5.6 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination shallbe in accordance with 12.3, unless otherwise specified.5.7 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-teria and acceptance criteria for the examination results shall bein accordance with 12.3, unless other
27、wise specified.5.8 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed inthis standard and if required shall be specified in the contrac-tual agreement.6. Significance and Use6.1 This practice provides guidelines for the application ofimmersed longitudin
28、al wave examination to the detection andquantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.6.2 Although not all requirements of this practice can beapplied universally to all examination situations and materials,it does provide a basis for establishing contractual criteriabetween suppliers and
29、purchasers of materials for performing5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.FIG. 1 Basic Immersion SetupE1001 162immersed pulse-echo examination, and m
30、ay be used as ageneral guide for writing detailed specifications for particularapplications.6.3 This practice is directed towards the evaluation ofdiscontinuities detectable at normal beam incidence. If discon-tinuities at other orientations are of concern, alternate scanningtechniques are required.
31、7. Apparatus7.1 Electronic EquipmentThe electronic equipment shallbe capable of producing and processing electronic signals atfrequencies in the range of search unit frequencies being used.The equipment and its display shall be capable of meeting therequirements to be completed in Table 1, as agreed
32、 uponbetween the supplier and the purchaser, and as measured inaccordance with procedures described in Practice E317 orequivalent procedures (see Note 2). These requirements areapplicable only for the frequencies required for the examina-tion. Also, the equipment, including the search unit, shall be
33、capable of producing echo amplitudes of at least 60 %, of fullscale, with the noise level no greater than 20 %, from theappropriate reference reflector at a material distance equal tothe thickness of the part to be examined. Alternatively, if theseconditions can be met at one half the part thickness
34、, the partmay be examined from both sides. The instrument must have apulser of the sufficient voltage, repetition rate and waveshapeto provide total volume coverage at the desired scanning speed.NOTE 2Significantly higher frequencies than those shown in Table 1(for example, 50 MHz) may be necessary
35、for the smaller critical flaw sizeof advanced ceramics.7.2 Voltage RegulatorIf fluctuations in line voltage causevariations exceeding 65 % of the vertical limit in an indicationwith an amplitude of one half the vertical limit, a voltageregulator should be required on the power source. Thisrequiremen
36、t is not applicable to battery-operated units.7.3 Search UnitsThe search unit selected shall be com-patible with the electronic equipment being used and with thematerial to be examined. The search units shall be of theimmersion type. Only straight-beam (longitudinal) searchunits, with flat or focuse
37、d acoustic lenses, shall be used.Focused or dual element search units may provide betternear-surface resolution and detection of small discontinuities.Generally, round or rectangular search units are used forexamination whereas round search units with symmetricalsound beam patterns are used for eval
38、uation.7.4 AlarmFor the examination of parts or material withregular shape and parallel surfaces, such as plate, machined barstock, and forgings, an audible alarm shall be used in prefer-ence to a visual alarm, since the examination process can beaccomplished at a speed which prevents reliable visua
39、l moni-toring of the instrument screen. As a matter of practicality, anaudible alarm should be used in conjunction with visualmonitoring wherever possible. The alarm shall be adjustable toallow triggering at any commonly required level of indicationamplitude and depth of material. During operation t
40、he audibleor visible signal produced by the alarm shall be easilydetectable by the operator.NOTE 3Alarm requirements are not applicable if recording equipmentis used unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement.7.4.1 Alarm Gate SynchronizationTo ensure that thealarm gate tracks the examin
41、ation area, the gate shall lock onthe first interface pulse from the part rather than on the initialpulse from the system. Gating from the initial pulse can resultin either partial loss of the examination area from the gate, orthe inclusion of the back reflection and interface signal in thegated are
42、a. This will trigger the gate as would an imperfection.7.5 Manipulating Equipment shall be provided to ad-equately support a search tube, containing the search unit, andto allow angular adjustment in two mutually perpendicular,vertical planes. A manipulator may be attached between thesearch tube and
43、 search unit to provide the necessary angularadjustments. The scanning and indexing apparatus shall havesufficient structural rigidity to provide support for the manipu-lator and shall allow smooth, accurate positioning of the searchunit. This apparatus shall permit control of the scan inaccordance
44、with 9.3.1 and control of the index in accordancewith 9.2.1. Also, the scanning apparatus shall be sufficientlyrigid to keep search unit backlash to within tolerances asspecified in the contractual agreement. Water-path distancesshall be continuously adjustable.7.6 TankThe container or tank shall pe
45、rmit accurate posi-tioning of the search unit, reference blocks, and part or materialto be examined in accordance with the requirements of Section8.7.7 Reference StandardsUltrasonic reference blocks, orreference specimens, are used to standardize the ultrasonicequipment and to evaluate the indicatio
46、ns received fromdiscontinuities within the part. The ultrasonic characteristics ofthe reference standards such as attenuation, noise level, surfacecondition, and sound velocity, shall be similar to the materialbeing examined. Metal reference standards should not be usedfor examining advanced ceramic
47、s because of the large differ-ences in attenuation velocity and acoustic impedance. Stan-dardization (1) verifies that the instrument/search unit combi-nation is performing as required, and (2) establishes a detectionlevel for discontinuities. Reference blocks as described inPractices E127 and E428
48、have been used as standards forstandardizing system performance, and may continue to be soused in cases where much empirical evidence has shown thatTABLE 1 Minimum Equipment Requirements (Longitudinal Wave)Instrument CharacteristicsUltrasonic TestFrequency, MHz2.25 5.0 10.0 15.0Vertical limit, in. (
49、mm), trace to peak or percent of fullscreen heightUpper linearity limit, in. (mm), trace to peak or percent of full screen heightLower linearity limit, in. (mm), trace to peak or percent of full screen heightUltrasonic sensitivity, reflector size, material distance, in. (mm)Signal-to-noise ratioEntry surface resolution, in. (mm)Back surface resolution, in. (mm)Horizontal limit, in. (mm) or percent of full screen widthHorizontal linearity range, in. (mm) or percent of full screen widthE1001 163satisfactory examination results are obtained. However, it ismore
