1、Designation: E1014 12Standard Guide forMeasurement of Outdoor A-Weighted Sound Levels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis is one of a series of standards on the measurement and evaluation of community noise. Othersin the series include Test Method E1503 for con
3、ducting outdoor sound measurements using a digitalstatistical analysis system, and Guide E1780 which covers measurement of sound received from anearby fixed source1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the measurement of A-weightedsound levels outdoors at specified locations or along particularsite boundarie
4、s, using a general purpose sound-level meter.1.2 Three distinct types of measurement surveys are de-scribed:1.2.1 Survey around a site boundary,1.2.2 Survey at a specified location,1.2.3 Survey to find the maximum sound level at a specifieddistance from a source.1.3 The data obtained using this guid
5、e are presented in theform of either time-average sound levels (abbreviation TAVand symbol LAT, also known as equivalent sound level orequivalent continuous sound level abbreviated LEQ and withsymbol LAeqT) or A-weighted percentile levels (symbol LX).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regar
6、ded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determin
7、e the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C634 Terminology Relating to Building and EnvironmentalAcousticsE1503 Test Method for Conducting Outdoor Sound Mea-surements Using a Digital Statistical Sound AnalysisSystemE1780 Guide for Measurin
8、g Outdoor Sound Received froma Nearby Fixed Source2.2 ANSI Standard:3S1.4 Specification for Sound Level MetersS1.4A Specification for Sound Level MetersS1.14 Recommendations For Specifying And Testing TheSusceptibility Of Acoustical Instruments To RadiatedRadiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, 25 Mh
9、z To 1 GhzS1.17 Microphone Windscreens - Part 1: Measurements andSpecification of Insertion Loss in Still or Slightly MovingAirS1.40 Specifications and Verification Procedures for SoundCalibratorsS1.43 Specifications for Integrating-Averaging Sound LevelMeters2.3 IEC standard:4616721 Electroacoustic
10、s - Sound Level Meters - Part 1:Specifications1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Building andEnvironmentalAcoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.09 onCommunity Noise.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originallyapproved in 1
11、984. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E101408. DOI:10.1520/E1014-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ont
12、he ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3, rue deVaremb, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.1Copyright A
13、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of acoustical barrier, impul-sive sound, measurement set and percentile levels, see Termi-nology C6345.4. Significance and Use4.1 There are numerous sit
14、uations for which outdoor soundlevel data are required. These include, but are not limited to,the following:4.1.1 Documentation of sound levels before the introductionof a new sound source (for example, assessment of the impactdue to a proposed use).4.1.2 Comparison of sound levels with and without
15、aspecific source (for example, assessment of the impact of anexisting source).4.1.3 Comparison of sound levels with criteria or regulatorylimits (for example, indication of exceedence of criteria ornon-compliance with laws).4.2 This guide provides a means for selecting measurementlocations, operatin
16、g a sound level meter, documenting theconditions under which the measurements were performed, andrecording the results.4.3 This guide provides the user with information to (1)make and document the sound level measurements necessaryto quantify relatively steady or slowly varying outdoor soundlevels o
17、ver a specific time period and at specific places and (2)make and document the physical observations necessary toqualify the measurements.4.4 The user is cautioned that there are many nonacousticalfactors that can strongly influence the measurement of outdoorsound levels and that this guide is not i
18、ntended to supplant theexperience and judgment of experts in the field of acoustics.The guide is not applicable when more sophisticated measure-ment methods or equipment are specified. This guide, depend-ing as it does on simplified manual data acquisition, isnecessarily more appropriate for the sim
19、pler types of environ-mental noise situations.As the number of sources and the rangeof sound levels increase, the more likely experienced special-ists with sophisticated instruments are needed.4.5 This guide can be used by individuals, regulatoryagencies, or others as a measurement method to collect
20、acoustical data for many common situations. Criteria forevaluating or analyzing the data obtained are beyond the scopeof this guide.4.6 Note that this guide is only a measurement procedureand, as such, does not address the methods of comparison ofthe acquired data with the specific criteria. No proc
21、edures areprovided for estimating or separating the influences of two ormore simultaneously measured sounds. This guide can beuseful in establishing compliance when the measured data arebelow a specified limit.4.7 Section 8.2.1 outlines a procedure that can be used for asurvey of the site boundary;
22、paragraph 8.2.2 for a survey ofspecified monitoring points; and paragraph 8.2.3 for determin-ing the location and magnitude of maximum sound level.5. Apparatus5.1 Acoustical Measurements:5.1.1 Sound Level Meter (required) Type 2, or better, inte-grating averaging, as defined by ANSI S1.43, and ANSI
23、S1.4,ANSI S1.4A with statistical analysis capability, and, with atleast a 60-dB dynamic range.5.1.1.1 The instrument should have an a-c output port topermit use of headphones.5.1.1.2 The instrument shall be equipped with anA-Weighting network. It is recommended that the instrumentalso be equipped wi
24、th a C-weighting or a Z-weighting, or both.NOTE 1Z-weighing is an unweighted (flat) network, that is sometimescalled “Linear” by manufacturers.5.1.1.3 If “fast” or “slow” response is used, it should be sostated in the report.5.1.2 Microphone Windscreen (required), The windscreenrecommended by the ma
25、nufacturer may not be adequate inquiet environments with mild wind conditions. See 7.1.1.5.1.3 Acoustical Calibrator (required), with adaptors nec-essary to fit the microphone.5.1.4 Set of Headphones (desirable), compatible with andelectrically connected to the a-c output of the sound levelmeter. Mo
26、nitoring the output of the sound level meter withheadphones may enable the operator to detect equipmentmalfunctions or anomalies in the data caused by wind, humid-ity, and electrical interference.5.1.5 Tripod (desirable), to ensure a steady and repeatablemicrophone position.5.2 Physical Measurements
27、:5.2.1 To ensure an accuracy of 1 dB in values obtained fromcalculations that include the results of distance measurements,the accuracy of the distance measurements to be used incalculations must be within 5 %. A Global Positioning System(GPS) or any technique that provides this degree of accuracy i
28、ssatisfactory. If the data are to be used for modeling, and if thestudy area is undulating in nature, and the variation in elevationexceeds2mitisrecommended that a topographical map beconsulted for estimating elevation of sound sources, potentialreceptors, and potential acoustical barriers.5.2.2 Dir
29、ection A pocket compass should be used for sitelayout work and a wind vane capable of measuring winddirection in octants should be used for determination of winddirection.5.2.3 Site Map (optional).5.3 Meteorological MeasurementsAny of the many avail-able general-accuracy meteorological instruments m
30、ay be usedin order to enable the measurement of:5.3.1 Wind speed (5-km/h or increments),5.3.2 Wind direction (in octants),5.3.3 Relative humidity (in 10 % increments),5.3.4 Dry bulb temperature (in 2C increments).6. Calibration6.1 The calibration of the sound level meter shall bechecked using an aco
31、ustical calibrator immediately before andafter each measurement set, in a manner prescribed by themanufacturer. Adjustments, if required, shall be made at thistime. If the change in the calibration reading, as shown on the5Terminology C63481a was used in the development of this guide.E1014 122sound
32、level meter, is 1 dB or greater, the data gathered sincethe preceding calibration are considered invalid and should bediscarded. It is strongly recommended that an instrument thatshows an unexplained calibration drift greater than 1.5 dB overa 24 h or less be taken out of service until the cause of
33、the driftcan be identified and remedied.6.2 The sound level meter and the acoustical calibrator shallhave been thoroughly calibrated with equipment traceable to arecognized standards organization, and following recommen-dations of the instrument manufacturer with 1 year, or a periodspecified the mea
34、surement plan, prior to starting the measure-ments. Included in this calibration shall be checks of frequencyresponse, amplifier sensitivity, internal noise, and verificationof correct operation of meter circuits and microphone.7. Interference7.1 Sound level meter measurements are subject to interfe
35、r-ence from a number of sources, such as wind, rain and snow,impulsive sound, tonal sound and electromagnetic interfer-ence Interfering noise must be identified and accounted for. Asound can be interference if it is concentrated in a small areaand not representative of the sound that is to be docume
36、nted. Ameasurement plan should address how such sounds are to betreated. It may be advisable for many types of sound sources toavoid interferences by testing at night. If it is determined thata given sound is an interference, the measurement locationmight be moved to a position where the contributio
37、n of theinterfering sound is acceptably minimized or, if possible, theconduct of the survey may be modified so as to avoid theinfluence of the interference. Some of the more commonsources of interference are discussed in the following:7.1.1 WindA microphone windscreen should be used forall outdoor m
38、easurements. Wind may influence sound levelmeasurements, even with a windscreen in place. The wind-screen recommended by the manufacturer may not be adequatein quiet environments with mild wind conditions, especially inenvironments where low frequency, ambient sound must beevaluated. With wind speed
39、s of 20 km/h and a typical wind-screen the resulting A-weighted sound level due to the windalone is 40-45 dB. Wind speeds of 40 km/h result in measuredA-weighted sound levels due to wind alone of 60-65 dB.Manufacturers instructions shall be followed with respect tometer limitations under windy condi
40、tions. When wind speedsapproach or exceed 20 km/h, headphones shall be used tomonitor the sound level meter output or the sound level meterindicator shall be carefully observed to determine if fluctua-tions correspond to wind speed or actual sound sources. Dataobtained during intervals when wind gen
41、erated sound isinfluencing the measurements shall not be used. No measure-ments shall be made when steady wind speeds exceed 20 km/h.Propagation of sound from a source will be influenced by thedirection of wind relative to the source and measurementpositions. Measurements may need to be taken at dif
42、ferenttimes of the year in different wind conditions to fully identifythe acoustical character of the environment. In special circum-stances requiring measurements with wind speeds higher than20 km/h, such as a background sound level survey involving awind turbine project, a large (not less than 175
43、 mm) wind-screen shall be used. A larger windscreen will produce less lowfrequency windscreen noise near the microphone. However, itis cautioned, that large, foam type windscreens can causeadditional attenuation of high frequency sound. A calibrationadjustment may be required. See ANSI S1.17.7.1.2 R
44、ain and SnowMeasurable precipitation almost al-ways influences outdoor sound levels. For example, tiresrolling on a paved surface result in higher sound levels whenthe pavement is wet. Also, fallen snow may affect the propa-gation of sound so that sound levels may be different with andwithout fallen
45、 snow. For these reasons, making measurementsduring precipitation or when pavement is wet or snow coveredis discouraged. If it is necessary to obtain data when groundsurfaces are wet or snow covered, the conditions shall becarefully described in the report. High humidity can influencecertain microph
46、ones; manufacturers instructions should beclosely followed under these conditions.7.1.3 Impulsive SoundThis guide is not intended to evalu-ate impulsive sound because Type 2 sound level metersoperating in “fast” or “slow” modes do not accurately orprecisely measure impulse sound. If occasional impul
47、ses occurduring the survey, estimation of their magnitude may beattempted using the fastest available meter response, either“fast,” “peak,” or “impulse.” The maximum meter reading, themeter response setting, and the repetition rate within themeasurement set shall be reported. Whenever most of thesou
48、nd level meter readings in any measurement set areinfluenced by impulsive sound, this guide shall not be used.7.1.4 Tonal SoundOccasionally it is necessary to measuresources of pure tonal sound perceived as a “buzz,” “hum,” or“whistle.” Since both the operators body and reflections cansignificantly
49、influence the sound level meter indication whentones are present, the report must include observations of tonalsound when present.7.1.5 Power Lines Power lines can create both electro-magnetic radiation interference and acoustical interference inthe form of audible noise.7.1.5.1 Electromagnetic radiation from high voltage trans-mission lines or strong television or radio signals may affectthe sound level meter indication. See ANSI S1.14. Theoperator should use caution when these are nearby. Suchelectrical interference problems, when they occur, might resultin wild an
