1、Designation: E 1040 05Standard Specification forPhysical Characteristics of Nonconcentrator TerrestrialPhotovoltaic Reference Cells1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1040; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification describes the physical requirementsfor primary and secondary terrestrial nonc
3、oncentrator photo-voltaic reference cells. A reference cell is defined as a devicethat meets the requirements of this specification and is cali-brated in accordance with Test Method E 1125 or Test MethodE 1362.1.2 Reference cells are used in the determination of theelectrical performance of photovol
4、taic devices, as stated in TestMethods E 948 and E 1036.1.3 Two reference cell physical specifications are described:1.3.1 Small-Cell Package DesignA small, durable pack-age with a low thermal mass, wide optical field-of-view, andstandardized dimensions intended for photovoltaic devices upto 20 by 2
5、0 mm, and1.3.2 Module-Package DesignA package intended tosimulate the optical and thermal properties of a photovoltaicmodule design, but electric connections are made to only onephotovoltaic cell in order to eliminate problems with calibrat-ing series and parallel connections of cells. Physical dime
6、n-sions are not standardized.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations
7、 prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy ConversionE 948 Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Noncon-centrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Cells Using ReferenceCellsE 1036 Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Non-concentrator Terres
8、trial Photovoltaic Modules and ArraysUsing Reference CellsE 1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Us-ing a Tabular SpectrumE 1328 Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic Solar EnergyConversionE 1362 Test Method for Calibration of Non-Conce
9、ntratorPhotovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells2.2 Military Specification Sheet:3MS3106C Connector, Plug, Electric, Straight, Solder Con-tracts, AN Type3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this speci-fication, see Terminologies E 772 and E 1328.4. Classification4.1 Two types o
10、f reference cells are used in the evaluationof the electrical performance of photovoltaic terrestrial de-vices:4.1.1 Primary Reference CellsReference cells calibrateddirectly in sunlight in accordance with Test Method E 1125,and4.1.2 Secondary Reference CellsReference cells cali-brated against a pri
11、mary reference cell in accordance with TestMethod E 1362.4.2 The two types are not physically or electrically different,but are different in their manner of calibration. Hereafter in thisspecification, both types of reference cells will be consideredalike and referred to only as reference cells.5. M
12、aterials and Manufacture5.1 Requirements for Both Reference Cell Designs:5.1.1 Product Marking A label, identification mark, orserial number shall be permanently stamped or scribed on thereference-cell holder. This product marking shall identify thedevice for reference to other documentation contain
13、ing elec-trical and mechanical data, including information such as thecell material and manufacturer.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal, and OtherAlternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Ele
14、ctric Power Systems.Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1040 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
15、 ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, N. Capital and H Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20401.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
16、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.2 The reference cell shall be constructed using a singlephotovoltaic cell. Note that in the case of the module-packagedesign, additional cells inside the package are allowed, but arenot connected electrically.5.2 Small-Cell Package Design:5.2.1 The small
17、-cell package design is documented in theliterature as the World Photovoltaic Scale (WPVS) referencecell package4; the WPVS design meets a number of goals thatare important for the small-cell package design. These goalsare (1) an electrically and thermally conductive body with alow thermal mass, (2)
18、 standardized mounting holes, (3) detach-able cables using standardized female connectors on the side ofthe package, (4) standardized temperature sensors, (5) a flatrear surface without protrusions, (6) permanent identificationmarkings, and (7) standardized internal wiring.5.2.2 Reference Cell Mater
19、ialThe WPVS design specifiesa monocrystalline float-zone Si solar cell because devicestability and quality are desirable for the primary referencecells that constitute the WPVs. For other applications, addi-tional considerations may be more important and therefore thefloat-zone Si solar cell can be
20、replaced with alternative devicetypes as required, such as polycrystalline Si or GaAs.5.2.3 WindowThe WPVS specifies a “durable, smoothfront window” to protect the photovoltaic cell. A colored glassor other optical filter may also be used to modify the spectralresponse of the cell, if necessary for
21、specific applications.5.2.3.1 Typical window materials are optical quality glass orfused silica with a surface roughness of at most 40 nm/mm.5.2.3.2 Because many colored glass filters have transmis-sion characteristics that change with time, it may be necessaryto increase the frequency of recalibrat
22、ion of reference cells thatuse colored glass filters.5.2.4 ConnectorsSubminiature connectors on one side ofthe reference cell package avoid problems with integral cablessuch as broken wires and flexing of thermocouple leads. Theconnectors should be reliable and compatible with the packagesize.5.3 Mo
23、dule-Package DesignBecause the module-packagedesign is intended to simulate the thermal and optical proper-ties of an actual module, the physical dimensions are notstandardized. Instead, materials and assembly techniques forthe reference cell are as similar as possible to the actual modulematerials
24、and assembly techniques. The electrical and opticalenvironments, as seen by the connected cell, are thereforesimilar to actual modules. Two possible configurations ofmodule-package reference cells are shown in Fig. 1.5.3.1 The upper configuration in Fig. 1 is a substrate solarcell surrounded by piec
25、es of unconnected solar cells laminatedin a typical module package.4Osterwald, C. R.,Anevsky, S., Bucher, K., Barua,A. K., Chaudhuri, P., Dubard,J., Emery, K., Hansen, B., King, D., Metzdorf, J., Nagamine, F., Shimokawa, R.,Wang, Y. X., Wittchen, T., Zaaiman, W., Zastrow, A., and Zhang, J., “The Wor
26、ldPhotovoltaic Scale: An International Reference Cell Calibration Program, “Progressin Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol 7, July/August 1999, p. 287.FIG. 1 Two Examples of Module-Package Reference Cell ConfigurationsE10400525.3.2 The lower configuration in Fig. 1 simulates a mono-lithic
27、superstrate design where individual cells are series-connected in a module, but for the reference cell one device inthe series string is isolated and connected to the reference cellleads.5.3.3 Because the size of module-package reference cellscan be much larger than the single-cell package, module-p
28、ackage reference cells are normally calibrated against aprimary reference cell. Therefore, module-package cells aretypically secondary reference cells.5.3.4 Electrical ConnectorThe standard electrical con-nector shall be MS3106A14S-2S,5as specified in MilitarySpecification Sheet MS3106A. The leads f
29、rom one side of thesolar cell shall be connected to contacts A and D on theconnector, and the leads from the opposite side shall beconnected to contacts B and C.5.3.5 Electrical ConnectionsThe electrical connections tothe photovoltaic cell shall consist of a four-wire contact system(Kelvin probe), w
30、ith two wires connected to the top contact ofthe cell, and two wires to the bottom contact. A minimumlength of1mof1.0mm(AWG18)diameter four-conductorcable with an ultraviolet-stable outer cover rated for outdoorusage is recommended.5.3.6 Temperature SensorA temperature sensor shall beattached in a w
31、ay that will ensure good thermal contact withthe photovoltaic cell. To minimize heating during illumination,the temperature sensor is normally located behind the photo-voltaic cell. The temperature sensor cable should be able towithstand flexing and connect-disconnect cycles to measure-ment equipmen
32、t during use without breaking. Thermocouplewire should not be allowed to bend or flex at locations wheretemperature gradients are likely to occur.6. Documentation6.1 Areference cell shall be accompanied by documentationof its calibration constant, cell area, current-voltage character-istic, temperat
33、ure coefficient, and spectral response. All mate-rial used in its construction shall be identified. The photovol-taic cell used should be identified by the following information,if available: manufacturer, production lot, production date, andrelevant device design features, such as resistivity, anti
34、-reflectance coating, front surface preparation, back surfacepreparation, or contact materials.7. Keywords7.1 cell; package; photovoltaics, referenceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users
35、 of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every f
36、ive years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical
37、 committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
38、PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).5Available fromAmphenol Corp., 358 HallAve., Wallingford, CT 06492, as partNo. MS3106A14S-2S.E1040053
