1、Designation: E1040 10Standard Specification forPhysical Characteristics of Nonconcentrator TerrestrialPhotovoltaic Reference Cells1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1040; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification describes the physical requirementsfor primary and secondary terrestrial nonconc
3、entrator photo-voltaic reference cells. A reference cell is defined as a devicethat meets the requirements of this specification and is cali-brated in accordance with Test Method E1125 or Test MethodE1362.1.2 Reference cells are used in the determination of theelectrical performance of photovoltaic
4、devices, as stated in TestMethods E948 and E1036.1.3 Two reference cell physical specifications are described:1.3.1 Small-Cell Package DesignA small, durable pack-age with a low thermal mass, wide optical field-of-view, andstandardized dimensions intended for photovoltaic devices upto 20 by 20 mm, a
5、nd1.3.2 Module-Package DesignA package intended tosimulate the optical and thermal properties of a photovoltaicmodule design, but electric connections are made to only onephotovoltaic cell in order to eliminate problems with calibrat-ing series and parallel connections of cells. Physical dimen-sions
6、 are not standardized.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
7、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy ConversionE948 Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovol-taic Cells Using R
8、eference Cells Under Simulated SunlightE1036 Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Noncon-centrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and ArraysUsing Reference CellsE1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Us-ing a Tabular SpectrumE13
9、28 Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic Solar EnergyConversionE1362 Test Method for Calibration of Non-ConcentratorPhotovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells2.2 Military Specification Sheet:3MS3106C Connector, Plug, Electric, Straight, Solder Con-tracts, AN Type3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitio
10、ns of terms used in this speci-fication, see Terminologies E772 and E1328.4. Classification4.1 Two types of reference cells are used in the evaluationof the electrical performance of photovoltaic terrestrial de-vices:4.1.1 Primary Reference CellsReference cells calibrateddirectly in sunlight in acco
11、rdance with Test Method E1125.4.1.2 Secondary Reference CellsReference cells cali-brated against a primary reference cell in accordance with TestMethod E1362.4.2 The two types are not physically or electrically different,but are different in their manner of calibration. Hereafter in thisspecificatio
12、n, both types of reference cells will be consideredalike and referred to only as reference cells.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Requirements for Both Reference Cell Designs:5.1.1 Product Marking A label, identification mark, orserial number shall be permanently stamped or scribed on thereference-ce
13、ll holder. This product marking shall identify the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion.Current edition approved Jun
14、e 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1040 05. DOI: 10.1520/E1040-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume info
15、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, N. Capital and H Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20401.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
16、, United States.device for reference to other documentation containing elec-trical and mechanical data, including information such as thecell material and manufacturer.5.1.2 The reference cell shall be constructed using a singlephotovoltaic cell. Note that in the case of the module-packagedesign, ad
17、ditional cells inside the package are allowed, but arenot connected electrically.5.2 Small-Cell Package Design:5.2.1 The small-cell package design is documented in theliterature as the World Photovoltaic Scale (WPVS) referencecell package4; the WPVS design meets a number of goals thatare important f
18、or the small-cell package design. These goalsare (1) an electrically and thermally conductive body with alow thermal mass, (2) standardized mounting holes, (3) detach-able cables using standardized female connectors on the side ofthe package, (4) standardized temperature sensors, (5) a flatrear surf
19、ace without protrusions, (6) permanent identificationmarkings, and (7) standardized internal wiring.5.2.2 Reference Cell MaterialThe WPVS design specifiesa monocrystalline float-zone Si solar cell because devicestability and quality are desirable for the primary referencecells that constitute the WP
20、VS. For other applications, addi-tional considerations may be more important and therefore thefloat-zone Si solar cell can be replaced with alternative devicetypes as required, such as polycrystalline Si or GaAs.5.2.3 WindowThe WPVS specifies a “durable, smoothfront window” to protect the photovolta
21、ic cell. A colored glassor other optical filter may also be used to modify the spectralresponse of the cell, if necessary for specific applications.5.2.3.1 Typical window materials are optical quality glass orfused silica with a surface roughness of at most 40 nm/mm.5.2.3.2 Because many colored glas
22、s filters have transmis-sion characteristics that change with time, it may be necessaryto increase the frequency of recalibration of reference cells thatuse colored glass filters.5.2.4 ConnectorsSubminiature connectors on one side ofthe reference cell package avoid problems with integral cablessuch
23、as broken wires and flexing of thermocouple leads. Theconnectors should be reliable and compatible with the packagesize.5.3 Module-Package DesignBecause the module-packagedesign is intended to simulate the thermal and optical proper-ties of an actual module, the physical dimensions are notstandardiz
24、ed. Instead, materials and assembly techniques forthe reference cell are as similar as possible to the actual modulematerials and assembly techniques. The electrical and opticalenvironments, as seen by the connected cell, are therefore4Osterwald, C. R.,Anevsky, S., Bucher, K., Barua,A. K., Chaudhuri
25、, P., Dubard,J., Emery, K., Hansen, B., King, D., Metzdorf, J., Nagamine, F., Shimokawa, R.,Wang, Y. X., Wittchen, T., Zaaiman, W., Zastrow, A., and Zhang, J., “The WorldPhotovoltaic Scale: An International Reference Cell Calibration Program, “Progressin Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol
26、 7, July/August 1999, p. 287.FIG. 1 Two Examples of Module-Package Reference Cell ConfigurationsE1040 102similar to actual modules. Two possible configurations ofmodule-package reference cells are shown in Fig. 1.5.3.1 The upper configuration in Fig. 1 is a substrate solarcell surrounded by pieces o
27、f unconnected solar cells laminatedin a typical module package.5.3.2 The lower configuration in Fig. 1 simulates a mono-lithic superstrate design where individual cells are series-connected in a module, but for the reference cell one device inthe series string is isolated and connected to the refere
28、nce cellleads.5.3.3 Because the size of module-package reference cellscan be much larger than the single-cell package, module-package reference cells are normally calibrated against aprimary reference cell. Therefore, module-package cells aretypically secondary reference cells.5.3.4 Electrical Conne
29、ctorThe standard electrical con-nector shall be MS3106A14S-2S,5as specified in MilitarySpecification Sheet MS3106A. The leads from one side of thesolar cell shall be connected to contacts A and D on theconnector, and the leads from the opposite side shall beconnected to contacts B and C.5.3.5 Electr
30、ical ConnectionsThe electrical connections tothe photovoltaic cell shall consist of a four-wire contact system(Kelvin probe), with two wires connected to the top contact ofthe cell, and two wires to the bottom contact. A minimumlength of1mof1.0mm(AWG18)diameter four-conductorcable with an ultraviole
31、t-stable outer cover rated for outdoorusage is recommended.5.3.6 Temperature SensorA temperature sensor shall beattached in a way that will ensure good thermal contact withthe photovoltaic cell. To minimize heating during illumination,the temperature sensor is normally located behind the photo-volta
32、ic cell. The temperature sensor cable should be able towithstand flexing and connect-disconnect cycles to measure-ment equipment during use without breaking. Thermocouplewire should not be allowed to bend or flex at locations wheretemperature gradients are likely to occur.6. Documentation6.1 Arefere
33、nce cell shall be accompanied by documentationof its calibration constant, cell area, current-voltage character-istic, temperature coefficient, and spectral response. All mate-rial used in its construction shall be identified. The photovol-taic cell used should be identified by the following informa
34、tion,if available: manufacturer, production lot, production date, andrelevant device design features, such as resistivity, anti-reflectance coating, front surface preparation, back surfacepreparation, or contact materials.7. Keywords7.1 cell; package; photovoltaics, referenceASTM International takes
35、 no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own resp
36、onsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addresse
37、d to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the
38、address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phon
39、e), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).5Available fromAmphenol Corp., 358 HallAve., Wallingford, CT 06492, as partNo. MS3106A14S-2S.E1040 103
