1、Designation: E1040 10 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Specification forPhysical Characteristics of Nonconcentrator TerrestrialPhotovoltaic Reference Cells1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1040; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification describes the physical requirementsfor primary and secondary t
3、errestrial nonconcentrator photo-voltaic reference cells. A reference cell is defined as a devicethat meets the requirements of this specification and is cali-brated in accordance with Test Method E1125 or Test MethodE1362.1.2 Reference cells are used in the determination of theelectrical performanc
4、e of photovoltaic devices, as stated in TestMethods E948 and E1036.1.3 Two reference cell physical specifications are described:1.3.1 Small-Cell Package DesignA small, durable pack-age with a low thermal mass, wide optical field-of-view, andstandardized dimensions intended for photovoltaic devices u
5、pto 20 by 20 mm, and1.3.2 Module-Package DesignA package intended tosimulate the optical and thermal properties of a photovoltaicmodule design, but electric connections are made to only onephotovoltaic cell in order to eliminate problems with calibrat-ing series and parallel connections of cells. Ph
6、ysical dimen-sions are not standardized.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
7、 user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E772 Terminology of Solar Energy ConversionE948 Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovol-taic Cell
8、s Using Reference Cells Under Simulated Sun-lightE1036 Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Noncon-centrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and ArraysUsing Reference CellsE1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Us-ing a Tabular S
9、pectrumE1328 Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic Solar EnergyConversion (Withdrawn 2012)3E1362 Test Methods for Calibration of Non-ConcentratorPhotovoltaic Non-Primary Reference Cells2.2 Military Specification Sheet:4MS3106C Connector, Plug, Electric, Straight, SolderContracts, AN Type3. Terminolog
10、y3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisspecification, see Terminologies E772 and E1328.4. Classification4.1 Two types of reference cells are used in the evaluationof the electrical performance of photovoltaic terrestrial de-vices:4.1.1 Primary Reference CellsReference cells calibratedd
11、irectly in sunlight in accordance with Test Method E1125.4.1.2 Secondary Reference CellsReference cells cali-brated against a primary reference cell in accordance with TestMethod E1362.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and Other Alternative Energ
12、y Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1040 10. DOI:10.1520/E1040-16.2For referenced ASTM standards
13、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Availa
14、ble from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, N. Capital and H Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20401.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 The two types are not physically or electrically different,bu
15、t are different in their manner of calibration. Hereafter in thisspecification, both types of reference cells will be consideredalike and referred to only as reference cells.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Requirements for Both Reference Cell Designs:5.1.1 Product Marking A label, identification mar
16、k, orserial number shall be permanently stamped or scribed on thereference-cell holder. This product marking shall identify thedevice for reference to other documentation containing elec-trical and mechanical data, including information such as thecell material and manufacturer.5.1.2 The reference c
17、ell shall be constructed using a singlephotovoltaic cell. Note that in the case of the module-packagedesign, additional cells inside the package are allowed, but arenot connected electrically.5.2 Small-Cell Package Design:5.2.1 The small-cell package design is documented in theliterature as the Worl
18、d Photovoltaic Scale (WPVS) referencecell package5; the WPVS design meets a number of goals thatare important for the small-cell package design. These goalsare (1) an electrically and thermally conductive body with alow thermal mass, (2) standardized mounting holes, (3) detach-able cables using stan
19、dardized female connectors on the side ofthe package, (4) standardized temperature sensors, (5) a flatrear surface without protrusions, (6) permanent identificationmarkings, and (7) standardized internal wiring.5.2.2 Reference Cell MaterialThe WPVS design specifiesa monocrystalline float-zone Si sol
20、ar cell because devicestability and quality are desirable for the primary referencecells that constitute the WPVS. For other applications, addi-tional considerations may be more important and therefore thefloat-zone Si solar cell can be replaced with alternative devicetypes as required, such as poly
21、crystalline Si or GaAs.5.2.3 WindowThe WPVS specifies a “durable, smoothfront window” to protect the photovoltaic cell. A colored glassor other optical filter may also be used to modify the spectralresponse of the cell, if necessary for specific applications.5.2.3.1 Typical window materials are opti
22、cal quality glass orfused silica with a surface roughness of at most 40 nm/mm.5.2.3.2 Because many colored glass filters have transmis-sion characteristics that change with time, it may be necessaryto increase the frequency of recalibration of reference cells thatuse colored glass filters.5.2.4 Conn
23、ectorsSubminiature connectors on one side ofthe reference cell package avoid problems with integral cablessuch as broken wires and flexing of thermocouple leads. Theconnectors should be reliable and compatible with the packagesize.5Osterwald, C. R.,Anevsky, S., Bucher, K., Barua,A. K., Chaudhuri, P.
24、, Dubard,J., Emery, K., Hansen, B., King, D., Metzdorf, J., Nagamine, F., Shimokawa, R.,Wang, Y. X., Wittchen, T., Zaaiman, W., Zastrow, A., and Zhang, J., “The WorldPhotovoltaic Scale: An International Reference Cell Calibration Program, “Progressin Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol 7,
25、July/August 1999, p. 287.FIG. 1 Two Examples of Module-Package Reference Cell ConfigurationsE1040 10 (2016)25.3 Module-Package DesignBecause the module-packagedesign is intended to simulate the thermal and optical proper-ties of an actual module, the physical dimensions are notstandardized. Instead,
26、 materials and assembly techniques forthe reference cell are as similar as possible to the actual modulematerials and assembly techniques. The electrical and opticalenvironments, as seen by the connected cell, are thereforesimilar to actual modules. Two possible configurations ofmodule-package refer
27、ence cells are shown in Fig. 1.5.3.1 The upper configuration in Fig. 1 is a substrate solarcell surrounded by pieces of unconnected solar cells laminatedin a typical module package.5.3.2 The lower configuration in Fig. 1 simulates a mono-lithic superstrate design where individual cells are series-co
28、nnected in a module, but for the reference cell one device inthe series string is isolated and connected to the reference cellleads.5.3.3 Because the size of module-package reference cellscan be much larger than the single-cell package, module-package reference cells are normally calibrated against
29、aprimary reference cell. Therefore, module-package cells aretypically secondary reference cells.5.3.4 Electrical ConnectorThe standard electrical connec-tor shall be MS3106A14S-2S,6as specified in Military Speci-fication Sheet MS3106A. The leads from one side of the solarcell shall be connected to c
30、ontacts A and D on the connector,and the leads from the opposite side shall be connected tocontacts B and C.5.3.5 Electrical ConnectionsThe electrical connections tothe photovoltaic cell shall consist of a four-wire contact system(Kelvin probe), with two wires connected to the top contact ofthe cell
31、, and two wires to the bottom contact. A minimumlength of1mof1.0mm(AWG18)diameter four-conductorcable with an ultraviolet-stable outer cover rated for outdoorusage is recommended.5.3.6 Temperature SensorA temperature sensor shall beattached in a way that will ensure good thermal contact withthe phot
32、ovoltaic cell. To minimize heating during illumination,the temperature sensor is normally located behind the photo-voltaic cell. The temperature sensor cable should be able towithstand flexing and connect-disconnect cycles to measure-ment equipment during use without breaking. Thermocouplewire shoul
33、d not be allowed to bend or flex at locations wheretemperature gradients are likely to occur.6. Documentation6.1 Areference cell shall be accompanied by documentationof its calibration constant, cell area, current-voltagecharacteristic, temperature coefficient, and spectral response.All material use
34、d in its construction shall be identified. Thephotovoltaic cell used should be identified by the followinginformation, if available: manufacturer, production lot, produc-tion date, and relevant device design features, such asresistivity, anti-reflectance coating, front surface preparation,back surfa
35、ce preparation, or contact materials.7. Keywords7.1 cell; package; photovoltaics, referenceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination
36、 of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdraw
37、n. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your co
38、mments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single o
39、r multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ fromAmphenol Corp., 358 HallAve., Wallingford, CT 06492, as partNo. MS3106A14S-2S.E1040 10 (2016)3
