1、Designation: E 1074 09Standard Practice forMeasuring Net Benefits and Net Savings for Investments inBuildings and Building Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1074; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe net benefits (NB) and net savings (NS) methods are part of a family of economic evaluationmeth
3、ods that provide measures of economic performance of an investment over some period of time.Included in this family of evaluation methods are life-cycle cost analysis, benefit-to-cost andsavings-to-investment ratios, internal rates of return, and payback analysis.The NB method calculates the differe
4、nce between discounted benefits and discounted costs as ameasure of the cost effectiveness of a project. The NS method calculates the difference betweenlife-cycle costs as a measure of the cost-effectiveness of a project. The NB and NS methods aresometimes called the net present value method. The NB
5、 and NS methods are used to decide if a projectis cost effective (net benefits greater than zero, or net savings greater than zero), or which size, ordesign, competing for a given purpose is most cost effective (the one with the greatest net benefits, orthe one with the greatest net savings).1. Scop
6、e1.1 This practice covers a recommended procedure forcalculating and interpreting the net benefits (NB) and netsavings (NS) methods in the evaluation of building designs andsystems.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematic
7、alconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health p
8、ractices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 964 Practice f
9、or Measuring Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios for Buildings and Building SystemsE 1057 Practice for Measuring Internal Rate of Return andAdjusted Internal Rate of Return for Investments in Build-ings and Building SystemsE 1121 Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments inBuilding
10、s and Building SystemsE 1185 Guide for Selecting Economic Methods for Evalu-ating Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE 1369 Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncer-tainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 1765 Practice for Applying Analytical H
11、ierarchy Process(AHP) to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of InvestmentsRelated to Buildings and Building SystemsE 1946 Practice for Measuring Cost Risk of Buildings andBuilding SystemsE 2204 Guide for Summarizing the Economic Impacts ofBuilding-Related Projects1This practice is under the jurisdicti
12、on of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 onBuilding Economics.Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published May 2009. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 1074 06e2.2For referenced ASTM standa
13、rds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
14、 19428-2959, United States.2.2 Adjuncts:Discount Factor Tables Adjunct to Practices E 917, E 964,E 1057, E 1074, and E 112133. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thispractice, refer to Terminologies E 631 and E 833.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice is organized as follo
15、ws:4.1.1 Section 2, Referenced DocumentsLists ASTM stan-dards referenced in this practice.4.1.2 Section 3, DefinitionsAddresses definitions of termsused in this practice.4.1.3 Section 4, Summary of PracticeOutlines the con-tents of the practice.4.1.4 Section 5, Significance and UseExplains the appli
16、-cation of the practice and how and when it should be used.4.1.5 Section 6, ProceduresSummarizes the steps in mak-ing NB (NS) analysis.4.1.6 Section 7, Compute NB (NS)Describes calculationprocedures for NB (NS).4.1.7 Section 8, Anaylsis of NB (NS) Results and theDecisionDiscusses the decision criter
17、ion and the treatmentof uncertainty, risk, and unqualified effects.4.1.8 Section 9, ApplicationsExplains circumstances un-der which the NB (NS) method is appropriate.4.1.9 Section 10, ReportIdentifies information that shouldbe included in a report of a NB (NS) analysis.5. Significance and Use5.1 The
18、 NB (NS) method provides a measure of the eco-nomic performance of an investment, taking into account allrelevant monetary values associated with that investment overthe investors study period. The NB (NS) measure can beexpressed in either present value or equivalent annual valueterms, taking into a
19、ccount the time value of money.5.2 The NB (NS) method is used to decide if a given projectis cost effective and which size or design for a given purposeis most cost effective when no budget constraint exists.5.3 The NB (NS) method can also be used to determine themost cost effective combination of p
20、rojects for a limitedbudget; that is, the combination of projects having the greatestaggregate NB (NS) and fitting within the budget constraint.5.4 Use the NB method when the focus is on the benefitsrather than project costs.5.5 Use the NS method when the focus in on project savings(that is, reducti
21、ons in project costs).6. Procedures6.1 The recommended steps for applying the NB (NS)method to an investment decision are summarized as follows:6.1.1 Make sure that the NB (NS) method is the appropriateeconomic measure (see Guide E 1185),6.1.2 Identify objectives, alternatives, and constraints,6.1.3
22、 Establish assumptions,6.1.4 Compile data,6.1.5 Convert cash flows to a common time basis (discount-ing),6.1.6 Compute NB (NS)4and compare alternatives, and6.1.7 Make final decision, based on NB (NS) results as wellas consideration of risk and uncertainty, unquantifiable effects,and funding constrai
23、nts (if any).6.2 Since the steps mentioned in 6.1.2-6.1.5 are treated indetail in Practice E 917 and briefly in Practices E 964 andE 1121, they are not discussed in this practice. In calculatingNB (NS), these four steps should be followed exactly asdescribed in Practice E 917. The remainder of this
24、practicefocuses on the computation, analysis, and application of theNB (NS) measure. A comprehensive example of the NBmethod applied to a building economics problem is provided inAppendix X1.7. NB (NS) Computation7.1 Computation of NB for any given project requires theestimation, in dollar terms, of
25、 differences between benefits, anddifferences between costs, for that project relative to a mutuallyexclusive alternative. Computation of NS for any given projectrequires the estimation, in dollar terms, of the differencebetween life-cycle costs for the project relative to a mutuallyexclusive altern
26、ative. The mutually exclusive alternative maybe a similar design/system of a different scale, a dissimilardesign/system for the same purpose, or the do nothing case.Denote the alternative under consideration as Ajand themutually exclusive alternative to be used for purposes ofcomparison as Ak. Alter
27、native Akis typically the do nothingcase or the project with the lowest first cost, which may or may3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE091703.4The NIST Building Life-Cycle Cost (BLCC) Computer Program helps userscalculate measures of worth for buildings and buildin
28、g components that areconsistent with ASTM standards. The program is downloadable from http:/www.eere.energy.gov/femp/information/download_blcc.html.TABLE 1 Calculation of Net BenefitsYear, t Benefits, Bt, dollars Costs, Ct, dollarsNet Cash FlowBt Ct, dollarsSPV FactorAfor i=15%PVNB, dollars0 0 10 00
29、0 10 000 1.000 10 0001 4 000 3 000 +1 000 0.8696 +8702 11 500 4 500 +7 000 0.7561 +5 2933 10 000 4 000 +6 000 0.6575 +3 9454 8 000 5 000 +3 000 0.5718 +1 715Total 33 500 26 500 +7 000 +1 823ATo find the PVNB of the net cash flow for each discounting period, the single present value (SPV) discount fa
30、ctor is multiplied times the net cash flow. For an explanationof discounting factors and how to use them, see Discount Factor Tables.E1074092not be the same project. But the analyst can choose any of themutually exclusive alternatives as the base case against whichto compare alternatives. Benefits c
31、an include (but are notlimited to) revenue, productivity, functionality, durability, re-sale value, and tax advantages. Costs can include (but are notlimited to) initial investment, operation and maintenance (in-cluding energy consumption), repair and replacements, and taxliabilities.7.2 Eq 1 is use
32、d to compute the present value of net benefits(PVNBj:k) for the proposed project relative to its mutuallyexclusive alternative.PVNBj:k5(t50NBt2 Ct!/1 1 i!t(1)where:Bt= dollar value of benefits in period t for the building orsystem being evaluated, Aj, less the counterpartbenefits in period t for the
33、 mutually exclusive alter-native against which it is being compared, Ak,Ct= dollar costs, including investment costs, in period tfor the building or system being evaluated, Aj, lessthe counterpart costs in period t for the mutuallyexclusive alternative against which it is being com-pared, Ak,N = num
34、ber of discounting time periods in the studyperiod, andi = the discount rate per time period.7.3 Use Eq 2 to convert the present value of net benefits toannual value terms, where N is the number of years in the studyperiod and i is the discount rate.AVNBj:k5 PVNBj:ki1 1 i!N!/1 1 i!N2 1! (2)where AVN
35、Bj:k= annual value of net benefits.7.4 Use Eq 3 to compute the present value of net savings(PVNSj:k) for the proposed project, Aj, relative to its mutuallyexclusive alternative, Ak. The terms appearing in Eq 3 arebased on the life-cycle cost (LCC) method, Practice E 917.Subtract from project costs i
36、n the year in which they occur anypure benefits (for example, increased rental income due toimprovements) in the LCC calculation.PVNSj:k5 LCCk LCCj(3)where:LCCj= the life-cycle costs of the alternative under consid-eration, Aj, andLCCk= the life-cycle costs of the mutually exclusivealternative, Ak.7
37、.5 Use Eq 4 to convert the present value of net savings toannual value terms, where N is the number of years in the studyperiod and i is the discount rate.AVNSj:k5 PVNSj:ki 1 1 i!N!/1 1 i!N1!# (4)where:AVNSj:k= annual value of net savings.7.6 For a given problem and data set, solutions in eitherpres
38、ent value or annual value terms will be time equivalentvalues (although different in actual dollar values) and willresult in the same investment or design decisions, providedannual values are calculated using Eq 2 for net benefits and Eq4 for net savings.7.7 A simple application of Eq 1 is presented
39、 in Table 1 foran initial investment of $10 000 that yields an uneven yearlycash flow over four years. (Implicitly, the mutually exclusivealternative is the do nothing case.) Assuming a discount rate of15 %, the discounted cash flows yield a PVNB of $1823. (Notethat the sum of net cash flows, $7000,
40、 is a much larger value,since it fails to account for the eroding value of money overtime.) The larger the PVNB for a given project, the moreeconomically attractive it will be, other things being equal.7.8 To find the AVNB that is time equivalent to $1823, useEq 2. The equivalent AVNB is $639.8. Ana
41、lysis of NB (NS) Results and the Decision8.1 Use the results of the NB (NS) computation to rankorder alternatives from highest to lowest NB (NS). Thealternative with the highest NB (NS) is the most cost effective.8.2 In the final investment decision, take into account notonly the numerical values of
42、 NB (NS), but also uncertainty ofinvestment alternatives relative to the risk attitudes of theinvestor, the availability of funding and other cash-flow con-straints, any unquantified effects attributable to the alternatives,and the possibility of noneconomic objectives. (These topicsare discussed in
43、 Section 10 of Practice E 917.)8.2.1 Decision makers typically experience uncertaintyabout the correct values to use in establishing basic assump-tions and in estimating future costs. Guide E 1369 recommendstechniques for treating uncertainty in parameter values in aneconomic evaluation. It also rec
44、ommends techniques for evalu-ating the risk that a project will have a less favorable economicoutcome than what is desired or expected. Practice E 1946establishes a procedure for measuring cost risk for buildingsand building systems, using the Monte Carlo simulationtechnique as described in Guide E
45、1369. Practice E 917 pro-vides direction on how to apply Monte Carlo simulation whenperforming economic evaluations of alternatives designed tomitigate the effects of natural and man-made hazards that occurinfrequently but have significant consequences. Practice E 917contains a comprehensive example
46、 on the application of MonteCarlo simulation in evaluating the merits of alternative riskmitigation strategies for a prototypical data center.8.2.2 Describe any significant effects that remain unquanti-fied. Explain how these effects impact the recommendedalternative. Refer to Practice E 1765 for gu
47、idance on how topresent unquantified effects along with the computed values ofNB (NS) or any other measures of economic performance.9. Applications9.1 The NB (NS) measure indicates that a given project iscost effective if the PVNB (PVNS) is greater than zero. If thePVNB (PVNS) is less than zero, the
48、n the project is not costeffective.9.2 How large an investment to make (that is, what is themost economically efficient scale) is generally answered withNB (NS) analysis. The size or scale of investment is increaseduntil the PVNB (PVNS) is maximized. Typical size or scaleexamples from the building i
49、ndustry include (1) how large aE1074093building to construct, (2) how large a dam to construct, (3) howmuch insulation to put in a house, and (4) how many squarefeet of collector area to install in a solar energy system.9.3 Fig. 1 illustrates graphically how the NB method is usedto choose the economically efficient level of energy conserva-tion in a building (that is, where the PVNB is maximized).Conservation costs, in present value terms, are shown toincrease at an increasing rate as the physical quantity of inputsto conserve energy (Qi) is increased
