1、Designation: E 1107 86 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Throughput of Resource-Recovery UnitOperations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1107; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is for measuring the throughput, ormass flowrate, of a resource-recovery unit operatio
3、n, or seriesof unit operations.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitatio
4、ns prior to use. Specific precau-tionary information is given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 702 Practice for Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesE 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI) (the Moderniz
5、ed Metric System)E 868 Test Methods for Conducting Performance Tests onMechanical Conveying Equipment Used in Resource Re-covery Systems3. Terminology3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 binary separatora mechanical device that separatessingle input feed stream into two output f
6、eed streams.3.1.2 polynary separatora mechanical device that sepa-rates single input feed stream into three or more output feedstreams.3.1.3 processora type of resource recovery unit operationwith a single input feed stream and single output stream. Itsfunction is to alter the physical or physico-ch
7、emical propertiesof the input feed stream. The mass flow rates of input andoutput streams should be equal unless moisture is lost.3.1.4 throughputthe mass flowrate through a unit opera-tion, expressed, preferably, in units of kilograms per hour(kg/h) or alternatively in units of pounds per hour (lb/
8、h).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The output streams of a separator or processor arecollected over a measured period of time and weighed.Collection of the output stream is either in containers or bystopping, then clearing, portions of conveyor belts or chutes.For processing equipment in which material
9、s separation is notaccomplished, the input stream may be sampled if this is moreconvenient.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to document the mass flowrateof resource recovery unit operations as a means of document-ing the operating of a plant (or portions of a plant) and as ameans
10、of relating operation to design objectives.5.2 This test method is also used in conjunction withmeasurements of the performance of materials separators(particularly recovery and purity). As such, throughput shouldnot generally be measured by sampling the feed since this maychange its performance. Pr
11、ocessing equipment that does notperform separations can be sampled at either the feed orproduct streams.6. Apparatus6.1 Collection Bins Several size collection bins are re-quired. The size is determined by the size of sample, which inturn, is determined by the throughput of the plant. Somestreams ca
12、n be sampled into drums or barrels.6.1.1 All containers must be clean and in good mechanicalcondition, and not have rusting, flaking, or mechanicallyweakened sections. Containers should be cleaned with water oran air hose prior to use. (WarningAir hoses must be usedwith appropriate safety equipment
13、to avoid personal injury.)6.1.2 The tare weight of the containers should be clearlymarked with paint and checked periodically. Provision may bemade for bin covers for the sampling and containment of1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct
14、 responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.02 onMunicipal Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved April 25, 1986. Published June 1986.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume info
15、rmation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.materials that can be blown or spilled. Covers must be markedto indicate whether or not they are included in the
16、 tare weightof the container.6.2 ScalesThe type and size of scales varies with the sizeof the samples obtained. Containers as small as perhaps a drumto as large as perhaps a tote bin, roll-off container, or even fulltruck may be used. All scales should have a precision andaccuracy of 60.1% .6.3 Stop
17、watchFlow times are determined with a stop-watch capable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 s.6.4 Miscellaneous A variety of scoops, shovels, brushes,and similar tools are required to transfer materials.7. Precautions7.1 If samples are taken by transferring materials from aconveyor belt, it is essentia
18、l to measure the belts speed and useappropriate tools to be certain that all of the material, espe-cially including fine particulate materials, are transferred.7.2 Because the origin of all of the materials in solid wasteis generally unknown, workers must use proper safety precau-tions when handling
19、 samples. Workers shall wear gloves andsafety glasses. When appropriate, dust masks shall be worn.Workers shall be cautioned to wash their hands thoroughlybefore eating or smoking.7.3 Safety precautions shall be taken when collectingsamples or working near moving equipment.8. Sampling8.1 Samples are
20、 taken after the equipment has reached asteady-state operation. A steady-state operation is arbitrarilyassumed after the equipment is operating for at least 30 minunder what are considered to be normal conditions, or asotherwise agreed. The composition and type of feed may not bechanged during this
21、time.8.2 After steady-state, samples are taken at agreed intervals.8.3 The sample is taken by whatever method in Section 11suits the separator or processor being sampled.9. Test Specimen and Samples9.1 The size of sample is taken in relation to the particle sizeof the material or estimated throughpu
22、t of the process, or both.9.1.1 The minimum size of sample is determined by itsparticle size in accordance with Practice D75,orby9.1.2 or9.1.3, whichever is greater.9.1.2 For particle sizes greater than 90 mm (not included inTable 1 of Practice D75), the size of sample is 250 kg (550 lb).9.1.3 The m
23、inimum weight of sample shall correspond tothe estimated throughput for 1.0 min or the minimum weightwill be determined by the procedure in Test Methods E 868.9.2 Test samples corresponding to 9.1 are weighed withoutsubdivision.9.3 Three test samples shall be taken for each randomlychosen sampling t
24、ime. Two of the samples will be weighed; thethird shall be retained and weighed if the calculated through-puts based on the first two differ by more than 10 %, asdescribed in 12.4.9.4 If possible, both binary and polynary separators shouldnormally be sampled at the output sides.10. Conditioning10.1
25、Weigh the samples immediately after they are taken.Take precautions to ensure that they neither gain nor loseweight from natural drying or drainage or from ambientmoisture or dirt.11. Procedure11.1 Use separate procedures for sampling conveyors,chutes, or discharge containers.11.2 Conveyors:11.2.1 C
26、onveyors are most conveniently sampled by catch-ing the discharge at the end of the conveyor in the taredcontainer. Take care that the bin is wider than the width of theconveyor and the entire contents of the belt width is collected.11.2.2 Conveyors can also be sampled by stopping the beltand removi
27、ng a portion of the belt load. In this method,determine the belt speed by timing the movement of a mark onthe belt as it passes between two marks on the sides of theconveyor. Measure the distance between the latter two marksand use the measurement to calculate the belt speed. Alterna-tively, use a t
28、achometer for determining the speed of the belt.Stop the conveyor and shovel the material lying on a prede-termined length of the conveyor into a suitable tared container.Take care to include all fine particulate materials. Also, takecare to ensure that the belt load moves at the same speed as thebe
29、lt and is not hindered by the sides of the conveyor, thuscausing slippage.11.3 ChutesSample material falling through a chute byplacing a tared container of suitable size under the chute andcollecting the material for a predetermined length of time,measured with a stopwatch to the nearest 0.1 s. If i
30、t is notpossible to sample the discharge of a chute, a diverting chutemember may have to be added along with a gate. Exercise careat the discharge ends of chutes to ensure that all of the materialflowing is collected in the container. Flexible spouts may befastened (even if temporarily) on the ends
31、of the chutes anddirected into the containers.11.4 Discharge ContainersSample discharge points byusing a tared container to collect the material. Preferably,fasten a flexible spout or a diverter to the discharge point to theusual collection bin so that the flow can be suddenly divertedto the tared c
32、ontainer without significant spillage. Without sucha flexible spout, it may not be possible to time accurately thedischarge.11.5 Sampling and weighing must be done without spillingany of the material. Note any spillage more than dusting.Spillage of more than 1% of the collected sample, visuallyestim
33、ated, is reason to discard the sample and start over.11.6 Weigh the tared containers containing the samplesimmediately and record the filled gross weights. Recordweights within 0.1 % of the total filled weight in accordancewith the precautions of 10.1.12. Calculation12.1 Record the following informa
34、tion:12.1.1 Method of sampling (11.2.1, 11.2.2, 11.4.1, or11.3.1);12.1.2 Location;E 1107 86 (2004)212.1.3 Time of day and date;12.1.4 Tare of container;12.1.5 Weight of filled container; and12.1.6 Special observations.12.2 Calculate the sampling time for the procedure in 11.2.2as follows:Sampling ti
35、me 5 t 5 L/Y (1)where:L = length of conveyor swept, andY = conveyor speed, calculated as Y = C/T;C = measured distance between the two marks on theconveyor sidewall, m.T = measured time for the mark on the conveyor belt tomove between these two marks, s.12.2.1 The conveyor speed is in units of metre
36、s per second(m/s) and the sampling time t is in units of seconds (s).12.3 Measure the sampling time for other procedures(11.2.1, 11.3.1, and 11.4.1) with the stopwatch.12.4 Calculate the throughput, Q, on a wet-weight basis fora processor, sampling either the input or output stream asfollows:Q 5W 2
37、A! 3600t(2)where:W = weight of the filled container,A = tare (empty) weight of the container, andt = time of collection of the sample, s.12.4.1 If W and A are in kilograms, Q is in kilograms perhour.12.5 Paragraph 12.4 can be used to calculate the throughputof a processor if the input stream is samp
38、led. However, note theinformation in 9.4.12.6 Abinary or polynary separator may be sampled at eachof its output streams with all samples taken at the same timeand for equal time intervals. Calculate the throughput for eachstream in accordance with 12.4 and sum to obtain the totalthroughput.13. Repor
39、t13.1 The report shall include the information on the datacompilation and calculation sheet (see Fig. 1).14. Precision and Bias14.1 There are not yet sufficient data available to computethe precision and bias of this test method.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any pat
40、ent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision
41、 at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comm
42、ents will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighte
43、d by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-m
44、ail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).Data Compilation and Calculation SheetADate: _ Location: _Time of Day: _ Operator: _Conveyor Sampling:Speed = _ = YLength of belt swept _ = LSampling time t = L/Y = _Throughput (wet weight basis):Container No. _ , Tar Weight A = _Filled Weight W = _Throughput Q =(W-A)/t = _Special Observations:ARepeat calculations using a separate sheet for each processor or separatorstream sample.FIG. 1 Sample Data Compilation and Calculation SheetE 1107 86 (2004)3
