1、Designation: E 1135 97 (Reapproved 2008)1Standard Test Method forComparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEAdded Note 1 and Note 3 in July 2008.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the techniques for comparingthe brightness o
3、f the penetrants used in the fluorescent dyepenetrant process. This comparison is performed under con-trolled conditions which eliminate most of the variables presentin actual penetrant examination. Thus, the brightness factor isisolated and is measured independently of the other factorswhich affect
4、 the performance of a penetrant system.1.2 The brightness of a penetrant indication is dependent onthe developer with which it is used. This test method however,measures the brightness of a penetrant on a convenient filterpaper substrate which serves as a substitute for the developer.1.3 The brightn
5、ess measurement obtained is color-correctedto approximate the color response of the average human eye.Since most examination is done by human eyes, this numberhas more practical value than a measurement in units of energyemitted.Also, the comparisons are expressed as a percentage ofsome chosen stand
6、ard penetrant because no absolute system ofmeasurement exists at this time.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determin
7、e the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions of
8、 terms applicable to this test method maybe found in Terminology E 1316.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Simulated indications are prepared by impregnatingfilter paper with a specified quantity of the penetrant under test.The samples and similarly prepared standards are then mea-sured in a fluorometer e
9、quipped to excite the penetrant withnear ultraviolet (black) light and respond to color approxi-mately as does the human eye under the conditions encoun-tered during a normal examination. The fluorometer must beequipped with a special sample holder to accept the samplesemployed.4.2 The sample prepar
10、ation is not indicative of the totalsystem performance but is convenient as a lot acceptance test.A known amount of penetrant is diluted with a specifiedamount of a volatile solvent, pieces of filter paper are soaked inthe mixture, the paper is dried under specified conditions atroom temperature, pl
11、aced in the sample holder, and measuredwith the fluorometer.5. Significance and Use5.1 The penetrant is one of the major components of thefluorescent penetrant process, and very influential in the degreeof performance attained by a given system or group ofmaterials. The penetrant must enter the disc
12、ontinuity, beremoved from the part surface but not from the discontinuity,be brought out of the discontinuity by the developer, and finallyviewed and detected by the inspector. If all processing param-eters are optimized for the parts being examined and theexamination materials in use, the intrinsic
13、 brightness of thepenetrant becomes the factor which governs the sensitivity ofthe system.5.2 Because the eye responds logarithmically rather thanlinearly to changes of brightness, differences in brightnessmust be fairly large to be significant. Differences of 25 % areobvious, 12 % noticeable, and 6
14、 % detectable by the eye.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 onLiquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyappr
15、oved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 1135 97 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe A
16、STM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Experts may sometimes detect 3 % differences, but these arenot usually significant to the average observer.5.3 The significance of the results also depends on thedeviation b
17、etween readings on the same material sample.Different samples, even when prepared out of the same initialquantity of penetrant will not exactly reproduce readings.These differences occur because of paper differences andpenetrant migration on the paper samples.5.4 To determine the confidence limits f
18、or the test results, itis necessary to perform certain statistical calculations. Theconfidence limits are determined by the equation:CL 5 X6 ts/=n (1)where:CL = the limits within which we can be confident the valuelies,X= the average of all readings,t = “students t” (values of which are given by sta
19、tisticalmanuals),n = the number of readings used,s = the standard deviation determined by the equation:S 5( X 2 X!2n 2 1(2)where:X = the individual readings.In this use, the 95 % confidence level (the value will lie withinthe limits 95 % of the time) is sufficient. At this level, t for 4samples is 3
20、.182.5.4.1 If the confidence limits of two material samplesoverlap, the materials must be considered equal even thoughthe measured average values are different.6. Apparatus6.1 Filter Paper, Whatman #4, a fast, open structured paper.6.2 Pipets, 1-mL capacity.6.3 Volumetric Flasks, with stopper, 25-mL
21、.6.4 Paper Drying Holders“Crocodile” type battery clips2 in. long with12 in. opening have been found satisfactory. Setup holders to allow drying inside desiccator.6.5 Methylene Chloride or Acetone, technical grade.6.6 Desiccator, 250-mm diameter or larger.6.7 Silica Gel, for use as desiccant.7. Samp
22、le Preparation7.1 Sample PreparationNormally a set of samples of astandard material must be prepared along with any testsamples.7.1.1 Pipet 1.0 mL of chosen penetrant into a 25-mLstoppered volumetric flask.7.1.2 Fill flask to line with methylene chloride, stopper andmix. (If penetrant is not soluble
23、 in methylene chloride, useacetone.)7.1.3 Pour 10 to 20 mL of mixture into a 50-mL beaker.7.1.4 Using forceps, dip 4 papers (cut to size for sampleholder in use), one at a time, into beaker, withdraw by drawingacross the lip of the beaker to remove excess liquid, and clipinto paper drying holder. Ho
24、lder shall cover as small an area ofpaper as possible.7.1.5 Hang papers in a vertical position inside desiccatoruntil dry. This will require approximately 5 min at roomtemperature.8. Procedure for Turner FluorometerNOTE 1This instrument is no longer in production and can not bepurchased from Turner.
25、FIG. 1 Turner Fluorometer, with Door Open Showing Sample Holder and Filters in PlaceE 1135 97 (2008)12NOTE 2All available apparatus may not be suitable for these appli-cations.8.1 Sample Holder, designed for the fluorometer in use.8.1.1 The sample holder for the Turner Fluorometers (seeFig. 1) is de
26、tailed in Fig. 2. It is designed for use in the standarddoor from which the spring clip and the interior portion of thetube holder have been removed.8.2 Primary Light FilterThe primary (light source) filterfor the Turner fluorometers is a Corning-Kopp CS 7-37 2-in.square3,4glass filter.8.3 Secondary
27、 Light FiltersThe secondary (detector) filtersystem consists of a Corning-Kopp 3-77 and Kodak #2A, 86Aand CC4OY.3,5The Turner fluorometer requires 2 in. squarefilters.8.4 Neutral Density Intensity Reducing FiltersAn assort-ment of photographic type filters is required. These should bethe same size a
28、s the secondary filters (8.3) and the filterschosen for any measurement should be mounted with thesecondary filters.8.5 Place the primary filter in the right filter holder and thesecondary filters in the left filter holder.8.6 Insert neutral density filters in secondary filter positionand set sensit
29、ivity control (under primary filter) to “1”.8.7 Turn on instrument and allow 15 min warm up beforeuse.8.8 Place a prepared sample of the brightest material to bemeasured in the sample holder.8.9 Place holder in instrument door, close door, and notereading. Open door and insert proper neutral density
30、 filters tobring reading on scale, preferably in the 70 to 90 scale divisionrange.8.10 Open door, remove sample holder, remove sample, andreplace with an untreated filter paper.8.11 Place sample holder in door, close door, and set readingto zero with “blank” control.8.12 Remove blank paper and inser
31、t prepared samples formeasurement. Alternate samples of unknown and standardmaterial to minimize affect of any instrument drift which mightoccur.9. Procedure for Coleman FluorometerNOTE 3This instrument is no longer in production and can not bepurchased from Coleman.9.1 Sample HolderThe sample holde
32、r for the ColemanFluorometer (see Fig. 3) is detailed in Fig. 4. It is designed forinsertion into the sample port in the top of the instrument.Stops to control its rotation may be installed on the instrumentcase and the sample holder.9.2 Primary Light FilterThe primary (light source) filterfor the C
33、oleman 12C is the Coleman B-1 or B-1-S filter.9.3 Secondary Light FilterThe secondary (Detector) filtersystem consists of a Corning-Kopp 3-77 and Kodak #2A, 86A,and CC40Y. The filter size 158 in. by 158 in. These must bemounted in an empty filter frame to be inserted in thefluorometer.9.4 Neutral De
34、nsity Intensity Reducing FiltersAn assort-ment of photographic type filters are required and should bemounted with the secondary filters.9.5 Insert a Coleman B-1 or B-1-S filter (in Coleman filterframe) into primary filter position (horizontal position behindsensitivity control lever) and a package
35、of filters consisting ofa Corning CS 3-77, Kodak Wratten 2A, 86A and CC4OY, anda 2.0 neutral density mounted in a Coleman filter frame, glass3If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof
36、 the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.4The sole source of supply known to the committee at this time is Kopp GlassInc., P.O. Box 8255, Pittsburgh, PA 15218.5The sole source of supply of the Kodak 2A, 86A, and CC40Y known to thecommittee at this time is Eastman Kodak, Inc., Roche
37、ster, NY 14650.Dimensionsin. mmA 4.5 114.3B 2.186 55.52C 1.125 28.575D 0.875 22.225E 0.563 14.30F 0.50 12.70G 0.813 20.65H 1.375 34.925J 1.938 49.225K 0.188 radius (2) 4.775L 2.25 57.15M 2.00 50.80N 1.00 25.40P 1.375 34.925Q 2.50 63.50R 3.813 96.85S 0.438 diameter drill thru 11.125T 0.625 diameter c
38、ounterbore 0.25 deep 15.8756.35V 0.25 6.35W 0.125 3.175X 0.063 1.60Y 1.125 28.575Z 0.25 6.35AA 0.50 drill thru dye penetrants; fluores-cent penetrantsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. User
39、s of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every
40、five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technica
41、l committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
42、 PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 5 Sample HolderE 1135 97 (2008)15
