1、Designation: E 1164 07Standard Practice forObtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a reflecting or transmitting object is to obtainspectrometric data for spe
3、cified illuminating and viewing conditions, and from these data to computetristimulus values based on a CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard observer anda CIE standard illuminant. The considerations involved and the procedures used to obtain precisespectrometric data are contained
4、 in this practice. The values and procedures for computing CIEtristimulus values from spectrometric data are contained in Practice E 308. Considerations regardingthe selection of appropriate illuminating and viewing geometries are contained in Guide E 179.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the instrum
5、ental measurement re-quirements, calibration procedures, and material standardsneeded to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colorsof objects.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specifiedwhen spectrometric measurements are required in specificmethods, practices, or specifi
6、cations.1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both spectrom-eters, which can produce spectral data as output, and spectro-colorimeters, which are similar in principle but can produceonly colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this applicabil-ity are noted.1.4 This practice is limited in sc
7、ope to spectrometers andspectrometric colorimeters that employ only a single mono-chromator. This practice is general as to the materials to becharacterized for color.1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the use
8、r of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsE 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric
9、Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties ofMaterialsE 259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder WhiteReflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemisphericaland Bi-Directional GeometriesE 275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performanceof Ultraviolet, Visible, and
10、 Near-Infrared Spectrophotom-etersE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE 387 Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant PowerRatio of Dispersive Spectrophotometers by the OpaqueFilter MethodE 805 Practice for Identification of Instrume
11、ntal Methods ofColor or Color-Difference Measurement of MaterialsE 925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration ofUltraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose SpectralSlit Width does not Exceed 2 nmE 958 Practice for Measuring Practical Spectral Bandwidthof Ultraviolet-Visible SpectrophotometersE 991
12、 Practice for Color Measurement of FluorescentSpecimens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE 1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterialsE 2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent Col
13、orE 2194 Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement ofMetal Flake Pigmented Materials2.2 NIST Publications:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectro-photometry and Colorimetry.Current editio
14、n approved July 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 1164 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information
15、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.LC-1017 Standards for Checking the Calibration of Spec-trophotometers3TN-594-12 Optical Radiation Measurements: The Tra
16、nslu-cent Blurring EffectMethod of Evaluation and Estima-tion3SP-260-66 Didymium Glass Filters for Calibrating theWavelength Scale of SpectrophotometersSRM 2009,2010, 2013, and 20143SP-692 Transmittance MAP Service32.3 CIE Publications:CIE No. 15.2 Colorimetry, 2nd edition4CIE No. 38 Radiometric and
17、 Photometric Characteristics ofMaterials and Their Measurement4CIE No. 46 Review of Publications on Properties andReflection Values of Material Reflection Standards4CIE No. 51 Method for Assessing the Quality of DaylightSimulators for Colorimetry4CIE No. 130 Practical Applications of Reflectance and
18、Transmittance Measurements42.4 ISO Publications:ISO 2469 Paper, Board and Pulps Measurement ofDiffuse Reflectance Factor52.5 ISCC Publications:Technical Report 2003-1 Guide to Material Standards andTheir Use in Color Measurement53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions contained in TerminologyE
19、284 are applicable to this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 influx, nthe cone of light rays incident upon thespecimen from the illuminator in a color measuring instrument(see Practice E 1767).3.2.2 efflux, nthe cone of light rays reflected or transmit-ted by a specim
20、en and collected by the receiver in a colormeasuring instrument (see Practice E 1767).3.2.3 regular transmittance factor, Tr, nthe ratio of theflux transmitted by a specimen and evaluated by a receiver tothe flux passing through the same optical system and evaluatedby the receiver when the specimen
21、is removed from the system.3.2.3.1 DiscussionIn some cases, this quantity is practi-cally identical to the transmittance, but it may differ consider-ably. It exceeds unity if the system is such that the specimencauses more light to reach the receiver than would in itsabsence.4. Summary of Practice4.
22、1 Procedures are given for selecting the types and oper-ating parameters of spectrometers used to provide data for thecalculation of CIE tristimulus values and other color coordi-nates to document the colors of objects. The important steps inthe calibration of such instruments, and the material stan
23、dardsrequired for these steps, are described. Guidelines are given forthe selection of specimens to minimize the specimens contri-bution to the measurement imprecision. Parameters are identi-fied that must be specified when spectrometric measurementsare required in specific test methods or other doc
24、uments.5. Significance and Use5.1 The most general and reliable methods for obtainingCIE tristimulus values or, through transformation of them,other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by theuse of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained bycombining object spectral data w
25、ith data representing a CIEstandard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as describedin Practice E 308.5.2 This practice provides procedures for selecting theoperating parameters of spectrometers used for providing dataof the desired precision. It also provides for instrumentcalibration by means
26、of material standards, and for selection ofsuitable specimens for obtaining precision in the measure-ments.6. Requirements When Using Spectrometry6.1 When describing the measurement of specimens byspectrometry, the following must be specified:6.1.1 The relative radiometric quantity determined, such
27、asreflectance factor, radiance factor, or transmittance factor.6.1.2 The geometry of the influx and efflux as defined inPractice E 1767, including the following:6.1.2.1 For hemispherical geometry, whether total or diffuseonly measurement conditions (specular component of reflec-tion included or excl
28、uded) are to be used.6.1.2.2 For bi-directional geometry, whether annular, cir-cumferential, or uniplanar measurement conditions are to beused, and the number, angle, and angular distribution of themultiple beams.6.1.3 The spectral parameters, including the wavelengthrange, wavelength measurement in
29、terval, and spectral band-pass or bandpass function in the case of variable bandpass.6.1.4 Identification of the standard of reflectance factor, (see10.2.1).6.1.5 The computation variables specified in Practice E 308,Section 6, including the standard observer and standard illu-minant, if their value
30、s must be set at the time of measurement,whether the spectral bandpass has been adjusted or not, and6.1.6 Special requirements determined by the nature of thespecimen, such as the type of illuminating source for fluores-cent specimens (see Practice E 991) or the absolute geometricconditions and tole
31、rances for retroreflective specimens.7. Apparatus7.1 SpectrometerThe basic instrument requirement is aspectrometer designed for the measurement of reflectancefactor and, if applicable, transmittance factor, using one ormore of the standard influx and efflux geometries for colorevaluation described i
32、n Section 8. The spectrometer may beeither a typical colorimetric spectrometer, designed specificallyfor the measurement of object color or a more traditional3Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.g
33、ov.4Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commissionon Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 PondSt., Salem, MA 01970, http:/www.cie-usnc.org.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale
34、 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.E1164072analytical spectrometer equipped with accessories for theoutput of the spectral values to a digital computer.7.2 IlluminatorFor the measurement of nonfluorescentspecimens, the exact spectral nature of the illuminator, ofwhich the light s
35、ource is a component, is immaterial so long asthe source is stable with time and has adequate energy at allwavelengths in the region required for measurement. Com-monly used light sources include incandescent lamps, eitheroperated without filters or filtered to simulate CIE standardilluminants (see
36、Publication CIE No. 51), and flashed orcontinuous-wave xenon-arc lamps. More recently, discretepseudo-monochromatic sources, such as light emitting diodes(LED) have also been used as sources in colorimetric spec-trometers. Considerations required when measuring fluorescentspecimens are contained in
37、Practice E 991. The use of pseudo-monochromatic sources is not currently recommended bySubcommittee E12.10 for the measurement of the color ofretroreflective materials.7.3 Dispersive Element:7.3.1 The dispersive element, which separates energy innarrow bands of wavelength across the visible spectrum
38、, maybe a prism, a grating, or one of various forms of interferencefilter arrays or wedges. The element should conform to thefollowing requirements:7.3.2 When highest measurement accuracy is required, thewavelength range should extend from 360 to 830 nm; other-wise, the range 380 to 780 nm should su
39、ffice. Use of shorterwavelength ranges may result in reduced accuracy. Each usermust decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurementsis negligibly small for the purpose for which data are obtained.See Ref (1),6Practice E 308, and CIE No. 15.2.NOTE 1Accuracy is here defined as agreement with r
40、esults obtainedby the use of the recommended measurement conditions and procedures.(1 nm measurement interval witha1nmspectral bandwidth andnumerical summation of the data multiplied by CIE tabulated values at1 nm intervals).7.3.2.1 Fluorescent specimens should be measured with awavelength scale beg
41、inning as close to 300 nm as possible, iftheir characteristics when illuminated by daylight are desired.See Practice E 991.7.3.3 When highest accuracy is required, the wavelengthmeasurement interval should be 1 nm; otherwise, an interval of5 nm should suffice. Use of a wider interval, such as 10 nm
42、or20 nm, will result in a significant loss of accuracy. Each usermust decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurementsis negligibly small for the purpose for which data are obtained.See Ref (1) , Practice E 308, and CIE No. 15.2.7.3.4 The spectral bandpass (width in nanometers at halfenergy o
43、f the band of wavelengths transmitted by the disper-sive element) should, for best results, be equal to the wave-length measurement interval or just slightly smaller than but noless than 80 % of the wavelength measurement interval (2).Ifthe spectral interval and bandpass are greater than 1 nm then i
44、tis recommended that the spectral data be interpolated and thendeconvolved (21) down to the 1 nm interval before computingtristimulus values as recommended in Practice E 308.7.3.5 The use of tables of tristimulus weighting factors (seePractice E 308) is a convenient means of treating data obtainedfo
45、r a shorter wavelength range than that specified in 7.3.2,orawider measurement interval than that specified in 7.3.3,orboth, for obtaining CIE tristimulus values. However, the use ofa wider interval can lead to significant loss of measurementaccuracy for specimens with reflectance or transmittancefa
46、ctors that change rapidly as a function of wavelength. Eachuser must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measure-ments is negligibly small for the purpose for which data areobtained.7.3.6 For the measurement of nonfluorescent specimens, thedispersive element may be placed either between the s
47、ourceand the specimen or between the specimen and the detector.However, for the measurement of fluorescent specimens thedispersive element must be placed between the specimen andthe detector so that the specimen is irradiated by the entirespectrum of the source. A still better method for characteriz
48、ingfluorescent specimens is to use a bispectrometric method asdescribed in Practice E 2153.7.4 ReceiverThe receiver consists of the detector andrelated components. The detector may be a photoelectricdevice (phototube or photomultiplier), a silicon photodiode ordiode array, or another suitable photod
49、etector. The detectormust be stable with time and have adequate responsivity overthe wavelength range used.8. Influx and Efflux Conditions8.1 Types and TolerancesUnless special considerationsrequiring other tolerances are applicable, the instrument shallconform to the following geometric requirements, based onthose proposed for the new revision of Publication CIE No.15.2, Publication CIE 130, and following the notations con-tained in Practice E 1767, for the various types of reflectance-factor and transmittance factor measurements.NOTE 2With the possible exception
