1、Designation: E1164 12Standard Practice forObtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a reflecting or transmitting object is to obtainspectrometric data for specif
3、ied illuminating and viewing conditions, and from these data to computetristimulus values based on a CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard observer anda CIE standard illuminant. The considerations involved and the procedures used to obtain precisespectrometric data are contained in
4、 this practice. The values and procedures for computing CIEtristimulus values from spectrometric data are contained in Practice E308. Considerations regardingthe selection of appropriate illuminating and viewing geometries are contained in Guide E179.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the instrumental
5、 measurement re-quirements, calibration procedures, and material standardsneeded to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colorsof objects.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specifiedwhen spectrometric measurements are required in specificmethods, practices, or specificatio
6、ns.1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to both spectrom-eters, which can produce spectral data as output, and spectro-colorimeters, which are similar in principle but can produceonly colorimetric data as output. Exceptions to this applicabil-ity are noted.1.4 This practice is limited in scope t
7、o spectrometers andspectrometric colorimeters that employ only a single mono-chromator. This practice is general as to the materials to becharacterized for color.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This stand
8、ard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard
9、s:2D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties ofMaterials3E259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder WhiteReflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemisphe
10、ricaland Bi-Directional GeometriesE275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performanceof Ultraviolet and Visible SpectrophotometersE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE387 Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant PowerRatio of Dispe
11、rsive Spectrophotometers by the OpaqueFilter MethodE805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods ofColor or Color-Difference Measurement of MaterialsE925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidthdoes not Exceed 2 nmE958 Prac
12、tice for Measuring Practical Spectral Bandwidthof Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectro-photometry and Colorimetry.Current edition approved July 1,
13、 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1164 09a DOI:10.1520/E1164-122For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informat
14、ion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E991 Practice for Col
15、or Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-mens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterialsE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent ColorE2194 Practice
16、for Multiangle Color Measurement of MetalFlake Pigmented Materials2.2 NIST Publications:LC-1017 Standards for Checking the Calibration of Spec-trophotometers4TN-594-12 Optical Radiation Measurements: The Translu-cent Blurring EffectMethod of Evaluation and Estima-tion4SP-260-66 Didymium Glass Filter
17、s for Calibrating theWavelength Scale of SpectrophotometersSRM 2009,2010, 2013, and 20144SP-692 Transmittance MAP Service42.3 CIE Publications:CIE No. 15.2 Colorimetry, 2nd edition5CIE No. 38 Radiometric and Photometric Characteristics ofMaterials and Their Measurement5CIE No. 46 Review of Publicati
18、ons on Properties andReflection Values of Material Reflection Standards5CIE No. 51 Method for Assessing the Quality of DaylightSimulators for Colorimetry5CIE No. 130 Practical Applications of Reflectance andTransmittance Measurements52.4 ISO Publications:ISO 2469 Paper, Board and Pulps Measurement o
19、fDiffuse Reflectance Factor62.5 ISCC Publications:Technical Report 2003-1 Guide to Material Standards andTheir Use in Color Measurement63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions contained in TerminologyE284 are applicable to this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 i
20、nflux, nthe cone of light rays incident upon thespecimen from the illuminator in a color measuring instrument(see Practice E1767).3.2.2 efflux, nthe cone of light rays reflected or transmit-ted by a specimen and collected by the receiver in a colormeasuring instrument (see Practice E1767).3.2.3 regu
21、lar transmittance factor, Tr, nthe ratio of theflux transmitted by a specimen and evaluated by a receiver tothe flux passing through the same optical system and evaluatedby the receiver when the specimen is removed from the system.3.2.3.1 DiscussionIn some cases, this quantity is practi-cally identi
22、cal to the transmittance, but it may differ consider-ably. It exceeds unity if the system is such that the specimencauses more light to reach the receiver than would in itsabsence.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Procedures are given for selecting the types and oper-ating parameters of spectrometers used t
23、o provide data for thecalculation of CIE tristimulus values and other color coordi-nates to document the colors of objects. The important steps inthe calibration of such instruments, and the material standardsrequired for these steps, are described. Guidelines are given forthe selection of specimens
24、 to minimize the specimens contri-bution to the measurement imprecision. Parameters are identi-fied that must be specified when spectrometric measurementsare required in specific test methods or other documents.5. Significance and Use5.1 The most general and reliable methods for obtainingCIE tristim
25、ulus values or, through transformation of them,other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by theuse of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained bycombining object spectral data with data representing a CIEstandard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as describedin Pract
26、ice E308.5.2 This practice provides procedures for selecting theoperating parameters of spectrometers used for providing dataof the desired precision. It also provides for instrumentcalibration by means of material standards, and for selection ofsuitable specimens for obtaining precision in the meas
27、ure-ments.6. Requirements When Using Spectrometry6.1 When describing the measurement of specimens byspectrometry, the following must be specified:6.1.1 The relative radiometric quantity determined, such asreflectance factor, radiance factor, or transmittance factor.6.1.2 The geometry of the influx a
28、nd efflux as defined inPractice E1767, including the following:6.1.2.1 For hemispherical geometry, whether total or diffuseonly measurement conditions (specular component of reflec-tion included or excluded) are to be used.6.1.2.2 For bi-directional geometry, whether annular, cir-cumferential, or un
29、iplanar measurement conditions are to beused, and the number, angle, and angular distribution of themultiple beams.6.1.3 The spectral parameters, including the wavelengthrange, wavelength measurement interval, and spectral band-pass or bandpass function in the case of variable bandpass.6.1.4 Identif
30、ication of the standard of reflectance factor, (see10.2.1).6.1.5 The computation variables specified in Practice E308,Section 6, including the standard observer and standard illu-minant, if their values must be set at the time of measurement,whether the spectral bandpass has been adjusted or not, an
31、d6.1.6 Special requirements determined by the nature of thespecimen, such as the type of illuminating source for fluores-cent specimens (see Practice E991) or the absolute geometricconditions and tolerances for retroreflective specimens.4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology
32、(NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.5Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commissionon Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 PondSt., Salem, MA 01970, http:/www.cie-usnc.org.6Available from Int
33、ernational Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.E1164 1226.1.7 Some specimens (particularly textiles, pulp and paper)are sensitive to variations in temperature (thermochromism),humidity (hygrochromism) and ambient
34、lighting. In thosecases these conditions should be specified and recorded. Forexample, specimens made from cellulosic materials should beconditioned to an agreed upon temperature and humidity andpossibly a length of time of a specified light exposure.7. Apparatus7.1 SpectrometerThe basic instrument
35、requirement is aspectrometer designed for the measurement of reflectancefactor and, if applicable, transmittance factor, using one ormore of the standard influx and efflux geometries for colorevaluation described in Section 8. The spectrometer may beeither a typical colorimetric spectrometer, design
36、ed specificallyfor the measurement of object color or a more traditionalanalytical spectrometer equipped with accessories for theoutput of the spectral values to a digital computer.7.2 IlluminatorFor the measurement of nonfluorescentspecimens, the exact spectral nature of the illuminator, ofwhich th
37、e light source is a component, is immaterial so long asthe source is stable with time and has adequate energy at allwavelengths in the region required for measurement. Com-monly used light sources include incandescent lamps, eitheroperated without filters or filtered to simulate CIE standardillumina
38、nts (see Publication CIE No. 51), and flashed orcontinuous-wave xenon-arc lamps. More recently, discretepseudo-monochromatic sources, such as light emitting diodes(LED) have also been used as sources in colorimetric spec-trometers. Considerations required when measuring fluorescentspecimens are cont
39、ained in Practice E991. The use of pseudo-monochromatic sources is not currently recommended bySubcommittee E12.10 for the measurement of the color ofretroreflective materials.7.3 Dispersive Element:7.3.1 The dispersive element, which separates energy innarrow bands of wavelength across the visible
40、spectrum, maybe a prism, a grating, or one of various forms of interferencefilter arrays or wedges. The element should conform to thefollowing requirements:7.3.2 When highest measurement accuracy is required, thewavelength range should extend from 360 to 830 nm; other-wise, the range 380 to 780 nm s
41、hould suffice. Use of shorterwavelength ranges may result in reduced accuracy. Each usermust decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurementsis negligibly small for the purpose for which data are obtained.See Ref (1),7Practice E308, and CIE No. 15.2.NOTE 1Accuracy is here defined as agreement
42、 with results obtainedby the use of the recommended measurement conditions and procedures.(1 nm measurement interval witha1nmspectral bandwidth andnumerical summation of the data multiplied by CIE tabulated values at1 nm intervals).7.3.2.1 Fluorescent specimens should be measured with awavelength sc
43、ale beginning as close to 300 nm as possible, iftheir characteristics when illuminated by daylight are desired.See Practice E991.7.3.3 When highest accuracy is required, the wavelengthmeasurement interval should be 1 nm; otherwise, an interval of5 nm should suffice. Use of a wider interval, such as
44、10 nm or20 nm, will result in a significant loss of accuracy. Each usermust decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurementsis negligibly small for the purpose for which data are obtained.See Ref (1), Practice E308, and CIE No. 15.2.7.3.4 The spectral bandpass (width in nanometers at halfener
45、gy of the band of wavelengths transmitted by the disper-sive element) should, for best results, be equal to the wave-length measurement interval or just slightly smaller than but noless than 80 % of the wavelength measurement interval (2).Ifthe spectral interval and bandpass are greater than 1 nm th
46、en itis recommended that the spectral data be interpolated and thendeconvolved (21) down to the 1 nm interval before computingtristimulus values as recommended in Practice E308.7.3.5 The use of tables of tristimulus weighting factors (seePractice E308) is a convenient means of treating data obtained
47、for a shorter wavelength range than that specified in 7.3.2,orawider measurement interval than that specified in 7.3.3,orboth, for obtaining CIE tristimulus values. However, the use ofa wider interval can lead to significant loss of measurementaccuracy for specimens with reflectance or transmittance
48、factors that change rapidly as a function of wavelength. Eachuser must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measure-ments is negligibly small for the purpose for which data areobtained.7.3.6 For the measurement of nonfluorescent specimens, thedispersive element may be placed either between the
49、 sourceand the specimen or between the specimen and the detector.However, for the measurement of fluorescent specimens thedispersive element must be placed between the specimen andthe detector so that the specimen is irradiated by the entirespectrum of the source. A still better method for characterizingfluorescent specimens is to use a bispectrometric method asdescribed in Practice E2153.7.4 ReceiverThe receiver consists of the detector andrelated components. The detector may be a photoelectricdevice (phototube or photomultiplier), a silicon photodiode ordiode arr
