1、Designation: E1164 12 (Reapproved 2017)1Standard Practice forObtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial corrections were made throughout in May 2017.INTRODUCTIONThe fundamental procedure for evaluating the color o
3、f a reflecting or transmitting object is to obtainspectrometric data for specified illuminating and viewing conditions, and from these data to computetristimulus values based on a CIE (International Commission on Illumination) standard observer anda CIE standard illuminant. The considerations involv
4、ed and the procedures used to obtain precisespectrometric data are contained in this practice. The values and procedures for computing CIEtristimulus values from spectrometric data are contained in Practice E308. Considerations regardingthe selection of appropriate illuminating and viewing geometrie
5、s are contained in Guide E179.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the instrumental measurementrequirements, calibration procedures, and material standardsneeded to obtain precise spectral data for computing the colorsof objects.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specifiedwhen spectrome
6、tric measurements are required in specificmethods, practices, or specifications.1.3 Most sections of this practice apply to bothspectrometers, which can produce spectral data as output, andspectrocolorimeters, which are similar in principle but canproduce only colorimetric data as output. Exceptions
7、 to thisapplicability are noted.1.4 This practice is limited in scope to spectrometers andspectrometric colorimeters that employ only a single mono-chromator. This practice is general as to the materials to becharacterized for color.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No
8、 other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regu
9、latorylimitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Or
10、ganization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Propertiesof MaterialsE259 Pract
11、ice for Preparation of Pressed Powder WhiteReflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemisphericaland Bi-Directional GeometriesE275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance ofUltraviolet and Visible SpectrophotometersE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Ob
12、jects by Usingthe CIE SystemE387 Test Method for Estimating Stray Radiant Power Ratioof Dispersive Spectrophotometers by the Opaque FilterMethodE805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods ofColor or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials1This practice is under the jurisdiction of AST
13、M Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectro-photometry and Colorimetry.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1164 121. DOI:10.1520/E1164-12R17E01.2
14、For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7
15、00, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the W
16、orld Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1E925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose Spectral Bandwidthdoes not Exceed 2 nmE958 Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth ofUltraviolet-Visible SpectrophotometersE991
17、Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-mens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterialsE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent Colo
18、rE2194 Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement ofMetal Flake Pigmented Materials2.2 NIST Publications:LC-1017 Standards for Checking the Calibration of Spec-trophotometers3TN-594-12 Optical Radiation Measurements: The Translu-cent Blurring EffectMethod of Evaluation and Estima-tion3SP-260-66 Di
19、dymium Glass Filters for Calibrating theWavelength Scale of SpectrophotometersSRM 2009,2010, 2013, and 20143SP-692 Transmittance MAP Service32.3 CIE Publications:CIE No. 15 Colorimetry4CIE No. 38 Radiometric and Photometric Characteristics ofMaterials and Their Measurement4CIE No. 46 Review of Publi
20、cations on Properties andReflection Values of Material Reflection Standards4CIE No. 51 Method for Assessing the Quality of DaylightSimulators for Colorimetry4CIE No. 130 Practical Applications of Reflectance andTransmittance Measurements42.4 ISO Publications:ISO 2469 Paper, Board and Pulps Measureme
21、nt ofDiffuse Reflectance Factor52.5 ISCC Publications:Technical Report 2003-1 Guide to Material Standards andTheir Use in Color Measurement63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions contained in TerminologyE284 are applicable to this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2
22、.1 influx, nthe cone of light rays incident upon thespecimen from the illuminator in a color measuring instrument(see Practice E1767).3.2.2 efflux, nthe cone of light rays reflected or transmittedby a specimen and collected by the receiver in a colormeasuring instrument (see Practice E1767).3.2.3 re
23、gular transmittance factor, Tr,nthe ratio of theflux transmitted by a specimen and evaluated by a receiver tothe flux passing through the same optical system and evaluatedby the receiver when the specimen is removed from the system.3.2.3.1 DiscussionIn some cases, this quantity is practi-cally ident
24、ical to the transmittance, but it may differ consider-ably. It exceeds unity if the system is such that the specimencauses more light to reach the receiver than would in itsabsence.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Procedures are given for selecting the types and oper-ating parameters of spectrometers used
25、to provide data for thecalculation of CIE tristimulus values and other color coordi-nates to document the colors of objects. The important steps inthe calibration of such instruments, and the material standardsrequired for these steps, are described. Guidelines are given forthe selection of specimen
26、s to minimize the specimens contri-bution to the measurement imprecision. Parameters are identi-fied that must be specified when spectrometric measurementsare required in specific test methods or other documents.5. Significance and Use5.1 The most general and reliable methods for obtainingCIE tristi
27、mulus values or, through transformation of them,other coordinates for describing the colors of objects are by theuse of spectrometric data. Colorimetric data are obtained bycombining object spectral data with data representing a CIEstandard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as describedin Prac
28、tice E308.5.2 This practice provides procedures for selecting theoperating parameters of spectrometers used for providing dataof the desired precision. It also provides for instrumentcalibration by means of material standards, and for selection ofsuitable specimens for obtaining precision in the mea
29、sure-ments.6. Requirements When Using Spectrometry6.1 When describing the measurement of specimens byspectrometry, the following must be specified:6.1.1 The relative radiometric quantity determined, such asreflectance factor, radiance factor, or transmittance factor.6.1.2 The geometry of the influx
30、and efflux as defined inPractice E1767, including the following:6.1.2.1 For hemispherical geometry, whether total or diffuseonly measurement conditions (specular component of reflec-tion included or excluded) are to be used.6.1.2.2 For bi-directional geometry, whether annular,circumferential, or uni
31、planar measurement conditions are to beused, and the number, angle, and angular distribution of themultiple beams.6.1.3 The spectral parameters, including the wavelengthrange, wavelength measurement interval, and spectral band-pass or bandpass function in the case of variable bandpass.3Available fro
32、m National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.4Available from CIE (International Commission on Illumination), http:/www.cie.co.at or http:/.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCe
33、ntral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.6Available from the Inter-Society Color Council, http:/www.iscc.org/functions/pc/pc51.php.E1164 12 (2017)126.1.4 Identification of the standard of reflectance factor, (see10.2.1).6.1.5 The
34、 computation variables specified in Practice E308,Section 6, including the standard observer and standardilluminant, if their values must be set at the time ofmeasurement, whether the spectral bandpass has been adjustedor not, and6.1.6 Special requirements determined by the nature of thespecimen, su
35、ch as the type of illuminating source for fluores-cent specimens (see Practice E991) or the absolute geometricconditions and tolerances for retroreflective specimens.6.1.7 Some specimens (particularly textiles, pulp and paper)are sensitive to variations in temperature (thermochromism),humidity (hygr
36、ochromism) and ambient lighting. In thosecases these conditions should be specified and recorded. Forexample, specimens made from cellulosic materials should beconditioned to an agreed upon temperature and humidity andpossibly a length of time of a specified light exposure.7. Apparatus7.1 Spectromet
37、erThe basic instrument requirement is aspectrometer designed for the measurement of reflectancefactor and, if applicable, transmittance factor, using one ormore of the standard influx and efflux geometries for colorevaluation described in Section 8. The spectrometer may beeither a typical colorimetr
38、ic spectrometer, designed specificallyfor the measurement of object color or a more traditionalanalytical spectrometer equipped with accessories for theoutput of the spectral values to a digital computer.7.2 IlluminatorFor the measurement of nonfluorescentspecimens, the exact spectral nature of the
39、illuminator, ofwhich the light source is a component, is immaterial so long asthe source is stable with time and has adequate energy at allwavelengths in the region required for measurement. Com-monly used light sources include incandescent lamps, eitheroperated without filters or filtered to simula
40、te CIE standardilluminants (see Publication CIE No. 51), and flashed orcontinuous-wave xenon-arc lamps. More recently, discretepseudo-monochromatic sources, such as light emitting diodes(LED) have also been used as sources in colorimetric spec-trometers. Considerations required when measuring fluore
41、scentspecimens are contained in Practice E991. The use of pseudo-monochromatic sources is not currently recommended bySubcommittee E12.10 for the measurement of the color ofretroreflective materials.7.3 Dispersive Element:7.3.1 The dispersive element, which separates energy innarrow bands of wavelen
42、gth across the visible spectrum, maybe a prism, a grating, or one of various forms of interferencefilter arrays or wedges. The element should conform to thefollowing requirements:7.3.2 When highest measurement accuracy is required, thewavelength range should extend from 360 to 830 nm;otherwise, the
43、range 380 to 780 nm should suffice. Use ofshorter wavelength ranges may result in reduced accuracy.Each user must decide whether the loss of accuracy in hismeasurements is negligibly small for the purpose for whichdata are obtained. See Ref (1),7Practice E308, and CIE No. 15.NOTE 1Accuracy is here d
44、efined as agreement with results obtainedby the use of the recommended measurement conditions and procedures.(1 nm measurement interval witha1nmspectral bandwidth andnumerical summation of the data multiplied by CIE tabulated values at1 nm intervals).7.3.2.1 Fluorescent specimens should be measured
45、with awavelength scale beginning as close to 300 nm as possible, iftheir characteristics when illuminated by daylight are desired.See Practice E991.7.3.3 When highest accuracy is required, the wavelengthmeasurement interval should be 1 nm; otherwise, an interval of5 nm should suffice. Use of a wider
46、 interval, such as 10 nm or20 nm, will result in a significant loss of accuracy. Each usermust decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurementsis negligibly small for the purpose for which data are obtained.See Ref (1), Practice E308, and CIE No. 15.7.3.4 The spectral bandpass (width in nanom
47、eters at halfenergy of the band of wavelengths transmitted by the disper-sive element) should, for best results, be equal to the wave-length measurement interval or just slightly smaller than but noless than 80 % of the wavelength measurement interval (2).Ifthe spectral interval and bandpass are gre
48、ater than 1 nm then itis recommended that the spectral data be interpolated and thendeconvolved (3) down to the 1 nm interval before computingtristimulus values as recommended in Practice E308.7.3.5 The use of tables of tristimulus weighting factors (seePractice E308) is a convenient means of treati
49、ng data obtainedfor a shorter wavelength range than that specified in 7.3.2,orawider measurement interval than that specified in 7.3.3,orboth, for obtaining CIE tristimulus values. However, the use ofa wider interval can lead to significant loss of measurementaccuracy for specimens with reflectance or transmittancefactors that change rapidly as a function of wavelength. Eachuser must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measure-ments is negligibly small for the purpose for which data areobtained.7.3.6 For the measurement of nonfluoresce
