1、Designation: E 1168 95 (Reapproved 2001)Standard Guide forRadiological Protection Training for Nuclear FacilityWorkers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1168; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers general recommendations with re-spect to standard work practices, procedures, and measureme
3、ntmethods for the radiological protection portion of health andsafety training for radiation workers at nuclear facilities. Thisguide defines the elements of a training program for radiationworkers consistent with the philosophy that occupationalradiation exposure be kept as low as is reasonably ach
4、ievable(ALARA). Regulatory agencies have statutory responsibilitiesto promulgate regulations applying to the training of workersexposed to radiation hazards. This guide shall not take prece-dence over any such regulations.1.2 This guide is intended to help ensure that the employerprovides the radiat
5、ion worker with radiological protectiontraining that the worker needs to work safely in a radiologicallycontrolled area and to maintain radiation exposure ALARA.1.3 The scope of radiological protection training shall berelated to the duties and responsibilities of each radiationworker and shall be c
6、ommensurate with potential radiologicalprotection problems in the radiologically controlled area.1.4 This guide is also intended to provide guidance that willenable an evaluation of the effectiveness of the radiologicalprotection training program toward achieving the purposestated in Section 4.1.5 T
7、his guide does not cover the more detailed trainingrequirements for radiation protection professionals or techni-cians.1.6 This guide provides reference to the type of radiologicalprotecting training records that should be created, and recom-mends retention periods for radiological protection traini
8、ngrecords.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Re
9、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 986 Guide for Developing Training Programs in theNuclear Fuel Cycle22.2 ANSI Standard:ANSI/ANS 3.1 American National Standard for Selection,Qualification, and Training of Personnel for NuclearPower Plants32.3 ANI/MAELU Documents:Information Bulletin 80-1A, Nucl
10、ear Liability InsuranceRecords Retention4Training and Qualification Criteria for Nuclear LiabilityInsurance (Section 2.2.1 of “General Employee Train-ing”)43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 nuclear facility, nfacility whose operations involveor involved radiation
11、 or radioactive materials in such form andquantity that a radiological hazard potentially exists to theemployees or the general public. Included are facilities used toproduce, process, or store radioactive materials. Some ex-amples are as follows (also see Note 1):3.1.1.1 Fuel reprocessing plant,3.1
12、.1.2 Fusion research facility,3.1.1.3 Nuclear reactor (power, test, or research),3.1.1.4 Particle accelerator,3.1.1.5 Radioactive waste disposal site,3.1.1.6 Radiochemical laboratory,3.1.1.7 UF6production plant, and3.1.1.8 Uranium or thorium mill.NOTE 1This guide is intended to apply to nuclear faci
13、lities licensedby the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, to nuclear facilities operated1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on NuclearTechnology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE10.03 on Radiological Protection for Decontamination and Decommis
14、sioning ofNuclear Facilities and Components.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.01.3Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thFloor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from American Nuclear Insurers, 29 Sou
15、th Main, (Suite 300S), WestHartford, CT 06107-2445.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.by the U.S. Department of Energy, and to those nuclear facilities that areunder the control of the U.S. Department of Defense and the
16、individualagreement states.3.1.2 radiation worker, nany person who enters a radio-logically controlled area to perform work. Radiation workersare sometimes referred to as occupationally exposed workers.3.1.3 radiologically controlled area, narea where accessis controlled for purposes of radiological
17、 protection.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose of this guide is to define the elements of aradiological protection training program that will enable aradiation worker, upon completion of training, to achieve thefollowing:4.1.1 Understand the relative health and safety risks associ-ated with the
18、types and levels of radiation that may beencountered during the work assignment in radiologicallycontrolled areas,4.1.2 Complete the forms and records necessary to bepermitted to function as a radiation worker,4.1.3 Practice the necessary monitoring and contaminationcontrol techniques to minimize ex
19、posure to radiation or radio-active materials, or both, and4.1.4 Practice work habits that will minimize the impact ofradiation or radioactive materials, or both, upon the workplaceand surrounding environments.4.2 The standardization of radiation worker radiologicalprotection training provides the i
20、ndividual radiation workerwith a greater assurance that the training received is adequateto minimize radiation exposure, to enable the worker to worksafely in a radiologically controlled area, and to meet appli-cable regulations.4.3 The standardization of radiation worker radiologicalprotection trai
21、ning prevents unnecessary retraining of radiationworkers.4.4 This guide should be used as the basis for establishing aradiological protection training program for radiation workersat nuclear facilities.5. Training Administration5.1 Training Program ObjectivesThe objectives of theradiological protect
22、ion training program shall be to accomplishthe following:5.1.1 Provide guidance and training to enable each radiationworker to keep radiation exposure as low as is reasonablyachievable.5.1.2 Ensure that radiation workers are instructed in andphysically can demonstrate the proper use of commonly used
23、radiation protection instrumentation, personal protective equip-ment, respirators, and personal exposure monitoring devicesnecessary to that individuals work assignment.5.1.3 Train every radiation worker to enable compliancewith appropriate safety and health procedures and the properreaction to warn
24、ings, alarms, and emergency situations.5.1.4 Inform every radiation worker about the immediateand the long-term health risks associated with the acceptanceof radiation exposure, and about the basis for health riskestimates.5.1.5 Provide the information needed to enable each radia-tion worker to comp
25、ly with applicable regulations.5.1.6 Ensure that the program can be reviewed and revisedas needed to meet changing conditions, and that the instructionis sufficiently understood to permit its practical application.5.1.7 Ensure that radiation workers receive adequate radio-logical protection training
26、 for each job to which they areassigned.5.1.8 Ensure that training is not repeated needlessly on siteor at other facilities where the trained radiation worker may beemployed.5.1.9 Conduct training in such a way that the radiationworker knows the specific objectives of the training and candetermine w
27、hether or not the training has been completedsatisfactorily.5.2 Training Program Content:5.2.1 The content of the radiological protection trainingprogram shall be commensurate with potential radiologicalprotection problems in the radiologically controlled area. Thecontent of the program also shall r
28、eflect the type of nuclearfacility (see 3.1) for which the training is being provided. Theinclusion of topics in Section 6 and the emphasis of each topicwithin the training program shall be based on the needs of eachindividual or group requiring training. Hands-on or practicaltraining shall be inclu
29、ded in addition to classroom trainingwhere appropriate.5.2.2 Credit may be given for prior applicable trainingreceived off site. Documentation of that training shall be inaccordance with 5.6. It is appropriate to determine the appli-cability of an individuals prior training and experience, withrespe
30、ct to the present job requirements, by means of a test. Ifthe prior applicable training was received before the periodspecified for requalification (see 5.5), then refresher training asdescribed in 5.5 shall be given prior to the administration of thetest. This refresher training may be combined wit
31、h site-specifictraining.5.2.3 Site-specific training shall be provided. Site-specifictraining shall include those topics in Section 6, the details ofwhich may vary from one nuclear facility to another. Someexamples are identification of and response to various alarms,evacuation routes, administrativ
32、e limits and procedures, andradiological hazards unique to the facility.5.3 Scheduling:5.3.1 The radiological protection training program shall bescheduled so that each individual is trained in radiologicalprotection to the degree necessary to perform his tasks safelybefore entering a radiologically
33、 controlled area.5.3.2 For special cases in which an individual must enter aradiologically controlled area before completion of his train-ing, the individual shall be escorted by a fully trained andqualified person. Such entries may be necessary for on-the-jobtraining, for example. A brief radiologi
34、cal protection orienta-tion should be provided to escorted individuals prior to entryinto a radiologically controlled area.5.4 Testing:5.4.1 A radiation workers knowledge of, competency in,and understanding of the basic principles and methods ofradiological protection shall be evaluated through a wr
35、ittenobjective test. Oral tests shall not be substituted for writtenE 11682tests unless the impracticality of administering a written test isestablished and documented on an individual basis. The workershall be reinstructed and retested on any subject of which hehas insufficient knowledge. The testi
36、ng shall be designed toestablish whether or not the worker has the knowledge,understanding, and skill to work safely.5.4.2 All radiation workers whose radiological protectiondepends on their effective use of equipment, facilities, orspecialized procedures shall be observed by a qualified trainerwhil
37、e using such equipment or facilities or performing suchprocedures, and shall be individually graded on a pass-failbasis, that is, the worker performs the task satisfactorily or isgiven additional training until satisfactory performance isachieved or until the worker is found unsuitable for the job.5
38、.4.3 All written, oral, and practical tests shall have care-fully developed bases in order to ensure that appropriate areasof knowledge and skill are covered. Tests should coverinformation presented to the radiation worker and shall em-phasize knowledge and practices directly related to day-to-dayra
39、diological protection.5.5 Requalification:5.5.1 The training program shall include periodic refreshertraining as required by the appropriate regulatory authority, orat least every two years, for any work description. High-riskwork, for example, glove box operation, highradiation entry, orradiography
40、 sources shall require at least annual requalification(see Note 2).5.5.2 Requalification testing shall be carried out in conjunc-tion with refresher training.5.5.3 Those radiation workers requiring new or refreshedknowledge because of reassignment shall be given appropriatetraining and testing.5.5.4
41、 Supervisors and radiological protection personnelshould be alert to radiation worker performance that indicatesthe need for further instruction, and shall design or revisetraining programs to meet those needs.NOTE 2Refresher training is generally less detailed than initialtraining, because refreshe
42、r training usually highlights and reviews thematerial that was covered in initial training.5.6 RecordsAdequate training records help to avoid un-necessary repetition of an individuals training and may beused to determine the adequacy of an individuals trainingbefore each new work assignment. Trainin
43、g records shall berequired for initial training and refresher training. Theserecords, which are used to document compliance with trainingrequirements for health and safety, shall be maintained by theorganization providing the training or by the organization towhich the radiation worker belongs. Reco
44、rds referencedthroughout this guide could be beneficial in future defenselitigation. Legal counsel of the training organization should beconsulted for determination of retention requirements andretention periods.5.6.1 An individuals training records shall include thefollowing information:5.6.1.1 The
45、 radiation workers name and a unique identifi-cation code (such as a social security number or passportnumber),5.6.1.2 Inclusive dates and instructors name for each seg-ment of training or for each different training program,5.6.1.3 The type of nuclear facility (see 3.1) for which thetraining progra
46、m was developed,5.6.1.4 A specific description of all training completedsatisfactorily, such as references to pertinent lesson plans,course outlines, syllabuses, and other subject-specific descrip-tive information. Specific reference usually is made to suchmaterials by date, edition, or issue,5.6.1.
47、5 A performance rating for each segment of training oreach different training program satisfactorily completed by theradiation worker. This rating normally consists of a numericalor letter grade or a written evaluation,5.6.1.6 Checklists that document the radiation workersperformance on an on-the-jo
48、b training segment, where appli-cable, and5.6.1.7 The name and location of the training facility.5.6.2 On completion of training, each radiation worker shallreceive a certificate of satisfactory completion, signed by thetraining department manager (or equivalent), that shall includethe training date
49、s and locations, the type of nuclear facility forwhich the training program content was developed, the nameand location of the facility at which the training records aremaintained, and a statement that the training is in accordancewith this guide. This certificate allows the workers previoustraining to be taken into account when determining trainingneeds at another site.5.6.3 In order for there to be an adequate basis for periodicevaluation of the training program, the following trainingprogram records shall be required:5.6.3.1 Training materials such as outlines, syllabus
