1、Designation: E1186 03 (Reapproved 2009)E1186 17Standard Practices forAir Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and AirBarrier Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These practices cover standardized techniques for locating air leakage sites in building
3、envelopes and air barrier systems.1.2 These practices offer a choice of means for determining the location of air leakage sites with each offering certainadvantages for specific applications.1.3 Some of the practices require a knowledge of infrared scanning, building and test chamber pressurization
4、anddepressurization, smoke and fog generation techniques, sound generation and detection, and tracer gas concentration measurementtechniques.1.4 The practices described are of a qualitative nature in determining the air leakage sites rather than determining quantitativeleakage rates.1.5 The values s
5、tated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safet
6、y safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablishe
7、d in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE741 Test Method for Deter
8、mining Air Change in a Single Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas DilutionE779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization2.2 Entertainment Services and Technology Association (ESTA) Standards:3ANSI E1.5 Entertainment TechnologyTheatrical Fog Made with Aqueous Solutions of Di- and T
9、rihydric AlcoholsANSI E1.23 Entertainment TechnologyDesign and Execution of Theatrical Fog Effects2.3 Other Standards:3ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101 Application of Infrared Sensing Devices to theAssessment of Building Heat Loss CharacteristicsISO Standard 6781 Thermal InsulationQualitative Detection of T
10、hermal Irregularities in Building EnvelopesInfraredMethod3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 air barrier system, na system in building construction that is designed and installed to reduce air leakage either into orthrough the building envelope.1 These practices are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Com
11、mittee E06 on Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41 on Air Leakageand Ventilation Performance.Current edition approved April 15, 2009July 15, 2017. Published June 2009August 2017. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 asE1
12、186 03.E1186-03(2009). DOI: 10.1520/E1186-03R09.10.1520/E1186-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the
13、ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previou
14、s version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Inter
15、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2 air exfiltration, nair leakage out of the building.3.1.3 air infiltration, nair leakage into the building.3.1.4 air leakage rate, nthe volume of air movement per unit time across the building envelope
16、 or air barrier system, includingflow through joints, cracks, and porous surfaces, or combinations thereof, in which the driving force for such air leakage inbuildings is either mechanical pressurization or evacuation, natural wind pressures, or air temperature differences between thebuilding interi
17、or and the outdoors, or combinations thereof.3.1.5 air leakage site, na location on the building envelope or air barrier system where air can move between the buildinginterior and the outdoors.3.1.6 building system, nthe boundary or barrier separating the interior volume of a building from the outsi
18、de environment.3.1.6.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of these practices, the interior volume is the deliberately conditioned space within a building generally notincluding the attic space, basement space, and attached structures, unless such spaces are connected to the heating and airconditioning system
19、, such as a crawl space plenum. The actual building envelope may extend beyond these boundaries becauseof ducting or other construction features.3.1.7 test specimen, nthe part of the air barrier system on the building to be tested that may consist of the selected areas ofmaterials comprising the pri
20、nciple resistance to airflow, joints between such materials and joints between the materials andstructural, mechanical, or other penetrations through such materials, and excludes any material which does not form an integralpart of the air barrier system.3.1.8 theatrical fog, nvisible vapor generated
21、 by a fog generator, more commonly used in theatrical productions, and assupplied by the manufacturer of the fog generator. (See ANSI E1.5 and ANSI E1.23.)3.1.9 tracer gas, na gas that is mixed with air and measured in very small concentrations in order to study air movement.3.2 For other definition
22、s, see Terminology E631.4. Summary of PracticePractices4.1 This standard presents the following seven practices for detecting air leakage sites in building envelopes:4.1.1 Combined building depressurization (or pressurization) and infrared scanning,4.1.2 Building depressurization (or pressurization)
23、 and smoke tracers,tracers or theatrical fog,4.1.3 Building depressurization (or pressurization) and airflow measuring devices,4.1.4 Generated sound and sound detection,4.1.5 Tracer gas detection,4.1.6 Chamber depressurization (or pressurization) and smoke tracers, tracers or theatrical fog, and4.1.
24、7 Chamber depressurization and leak detection liquids.4.2 These practices are described as follows:4.2.1 Building Depressurization (or Pressurization) with Infrared Scanning TechniquesThis practice relies on the existenceof an indooroutdoor temperature difference of at least 5C.5 C. In most geograph
25、ic locations, this condition is met during someportion of the day over a large fraction of the year. Outdoor air is moved through the building envelope by depressurizing thebuilding interior with a fan (see Test Method E779) or using the mechanical system in the building. Because the infiltrating ai
26、r isat a different temperature than the interior surfaces of the building envelope, local interior surface temperature changes take placewhich can be detected by infrared scanning equipment. The infrared pattern resulting from air leakage is different from thatassociated with varied levels of therma
27、l conductance in the envelope, allowing air leakage sites to be identified. This practice canalso be performed by pressurizing the building and scanning the exterior of the building envelope.4.2.2 Smoke Tracer or Theatrical Fog in Conjunction Withwith Building Pressurization or DepressurizationThis
28、practiceconsists of pressurizing or depressurizing the building using a fan or the mechanical system in the building and moving a smoketracer source or theatrical fog over the interior or the exterior surface of the building envelope. If the building is pressurized andthe smoke tracer source or thea
29、trical fog is moved over the interior of the building envelope, air exfiltration through air leakagesites will draw smoke from the tracer source to the site, revealing its location visually.Alternatively, if the building is depressurizedand the smoke tracer source or theatrical fog is moved over the
30、 interior of the building envelope surface, then air jets at each airleakage site will cause the smoke or fog to move rapidly inward. Similarly, the smoke tracer source or theatrical fog can beemployed on the exterior of the building envelope.4.2.3 Building Depressurization (or Pressurization) in Co
31、njunction Withwith Airflow Measurement Devices, or AnemometersThis practice consists of depressurizing or pressurizing the building using a fan or the buildings mechanical systems and movingan anemometer over the interior building envelope surface. If the building is depressurized, air jets will be
32、present within thebuilding at each air leakage site. As the anemometer is moved over the building envelope surface, it will register an air velocityE1186 172peak at the location of the air leakage site. If the building is pressurized, interior air will flow toward each air leakage site. In thiscase,
33、 the resulting measured air velocity peak will be less distinct.4.2.4 Generated Sound in Conjunction Withwith Sound DetectionThis practice consists of locating a sound generator withinthe building and moving a sound detection device over the exterior of the building envelope. Increased sound intensi
34、ty is indicativeof an air leakage site.Alternatively, the sound generator can be located outside the building and the interior surface of the buildingenvelope can be surveyed using the sound detection device.4.2.5 Tracer GasThis practice consists of releasing a tracer gas on one side of the building
35、 envelope and using a tracer gasdetector to measure the concentration of the tracer gas on the other side. A measurable tracer gas concentration indicates thelocation of an air leakage site. Pressurizing or depressurizing the building envelope using a fan or the buildings mechanical systemimprove th
36、e results obtained by this method.4.2.6 Chamber Pressurization or Depressurization in Conjunction With Smoke Tracerswith Smoke Tracer or TheatricalFogThis practice consists of sealing an approximately airtight chamber to a section of the interior or exterior of the air barriersystem and using a fan
37、to create a pressure differential across the air barrier specimen. If a smoke tracer source or theatrical fogis moved over the surface of the test specimen on the higher pressure side, air leakage will draw smoke or fog toward an air leakagesite, visually indicating the location. Conversely, if a sm
38、oke tracer or theatrical fog is moved over the surface of the test specimenon the low pressure side, air jets at air leakage sites will cause smoke or fog to move away from the air leakage site.4.2.7 Chamber Depressurization in Conjunction Withwith Leak Detection LiquidThe practice consists of apply
39、ing a leakdetection liquid to the test specimen surface, sealing a transparent chamber around the specimen and depressurizing the chamberwith a fan. The location of an air leakage site is indicated by bubbling of the detection liquid at the air leakage site.4.2.8 Other PracticesPractices such as the
40、 use of a smoke bomb are not described here since they are very specialized andrequire extreme caution due to additional difficulties such as triggering smoke alarms and causing lingering odors.5. Significance and Use5.1 Air infiltration into the conditioned space of a building accounts for a signif
41、icant portion of the thermal space condition load.Air infiltration can affect occupant comfort by producing drafts, cause indoor air quality problems by carrying outdoor pollutantsinto occupied building space and, in hot humid climates, can deposit moisture in the building envelope resulting in dete
42、riorationof building envelope components. In cold climates, exfiltration of conditioned air out of a building can deposit moisture in thebuilding envelope causing deterioration of building envelope components. Differential pressure across the building envelope andthe presence of air leakage sites ca
43、use air infiltration and exfiltration (1).45.2 In some buildings, restricting air movement between interior zones of a building may be desired to separate dissimilarinterior environments or prevent the movement of pollutants. Although not dealt with specifically in this standard, the detectionpracti
44、ces presented can also be useful in detecting air leaks between interior zones of the building.5.3 Air leakage sites are often difficult to locate because air flows may be small under the prevailing weather conditions. Windconditions can aid in air leakage detection by forcing air to enter a buildin
45、g; however, where air is exiting, the building envelopeconstruction may make observations difficult. For these reasons, forced pressurization or depressurization is strongly recommendedfor those practices which require controlled flow direction.5.4 The techniques for air leakage site detection cover
46、ed in these practices allow for a wide range of flexibility in the choiceof techniques that are best suited for detecting various types of air leakage sites in specific situations.5.5 The infrared scanning technique for air leakage site detection has the advantage of rapid surveying capability. Enti
47、rebuilding exterior surfaces or inside wall surfaces can be covered with a single scan or a simple scanning action, provided thereare no obscuring thermal effects from construction features or incident solar radiation. The details of a specific air leakage site maythen be probed more closely by focu
48、sing on the local area. Local leak detection is well addressed with the smoke tracer, theatricalfog, anemometer, sound detection, the bubble detection, and the tracer gas techniques, however these techniques are timeconsuming for large surfaces. The pressurized or depressurized test chamber and smok
49、e tracer or a depressurized test chamber andleak detection liquid practices can be used in situations where depressurizing or pressurizing the entire envelope is impractical,such as is the case during construction. Both of the practices enable the detection of very small leaks. To perform these practicesrequires that the air barrier system be accessible.5.6 Complexity of building air leakage sites may diminish the ability for detection. For example, using the sound detectionapproach, sound may be absorbed in the tortuous path through the insulation.Ai
