1、Designation: E1190 11Standard Test Methods forStrength of Power-Actuated Fasteners Installed in StructuralMembers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1190; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods describe procedures for determiningthe static axial tensile and shear strengths of power-actuated
3、fasteners installed in structural members made of concrete,concrete masonry, and steel.1.2 These test methods are intended for use with fastenersthat are installed perpendicular to a plane surface of thestructural member.1.3 Tests for combined tension and shear, fatigue, dynamic,and torsional load r
4、esistance are not covered.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thes
5、afety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Section 6.2. Referenced Document
6、s2.1 ASTM Standards:2E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-sembliesE631 Terminology of Building Constructions2.2 ANSI Standards:3ANSI A10.3 Safety Requirements for Powder-A
7、ctuatedFastening Systems3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of general terms may be found in Terminol-ogy E631.3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 displacementmovement of a fastener relative to thestructural member. In tensile tests, displacement is measuredalong the axis of the fast
8、ener; in shear tests it is measured in thedirection of the applied load perpendicular to the axis of thefastener.3.2.2 drive pina nail-like metal fastener designed toattach one material to another.3.2.3 edge distance, cthe distance from the longitudinalaxis (center) of a fastener to the nearest edge
9、 of the structuralmember in which it is installed.3.2.4 embedment depth, hefthe distance from the surfaceof the structural member to the installed end of the fastenerincluding its point, if any.3.2.5 fastener spacing, sthe distance between the longi-tudinal axes of two fasteners in the same plane. A
10、lso, distancebetween longitudinal axis of fastener and nearest edge oftest-system supports (see s in Fig. 1).3.2.6 powder-actuated fastening systema system that usesexplosive powder to embed the fastener in structural elements.3.2.7 power-actuated fastening systema system that usesexplosive powder,
11、gas combustion, or compressed air or othergas to embed the fastener in structural elements.3.2.8 shear testa test in which a force is applied perpen-dicularly to the axis of the fastener and parallel to the surfaceof the structural member.3.2.9 static loada load or series of loads that are sup-porte
12、d by or are applied to a structure so gradually that forces1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.13on Structural Performance of Connections in Building Construction.Current edition approve
13、d Sept. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1190 95 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/E1190-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStanda
14、rds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
15、 PA 19428-2959, United States.caused by change in momentum of the load and structuralelements are negligible and all parts of the system at anyinstant are essentially in equilibrium.3.2.10 structural memberan element of a structural sys-tem such as a beam, column, or truss.3.2.11 tensile testa test
16、in which a fastener is loadedaxially in tension at a specified rate.3.2.12 threaded studa round metal-wire fastener, with apointed shank at one end and threads along the other end,designed to be used as a removable fastening or in conjunctionwith a threaded coupler.4. Significance and Use4.1 These t
17、est methods are intended to measure the anchor-ing capability and shear resistance of power-actuated fastenersto provide information from which applicable design values areto be derived for use in structural applications, such as inmembers of concrete, concrete masonry, and steel.5. Apparatus5.1 Equ
18、ipmentAny system suitable for applying tensileand shear forces shall be used, provided the requirements forrate of loading in 9.4 are met, and the instrumentation iscapable of measuring the forces to an accuracy within 6 2%of the applied force, when calibrated in accordance withPractices E4. The dev
19、ice shall be of sufficient capacity toprevent yielding of its various components and shall ensurethat the applied tensile forces remain parallel to the axes of thefasteners and that the applied shear forces remain parallel to thesurface of the structural member during testing. Load cellsshall be use
20、d for laboratory testing. If pressure gages are usedfor field testing, they shall be calibrated immediately prior touse.5.1.1 Tensile TestA system suitable for applying tensileforces is shown in Fig. 1 for a single fastener specimen. Thetest system supports shall be of sufficient size to prevent fai
21、lureof the surrounding structural member. The loading rod shall beof a size to develop the ultimate strength of the fastenerhardware with minimal elongation and shall be attached to thefastener by means of a connector that will minimize the directtransfer of bending forces through the connection. Wh
22、endisplacements are measured, dial gages or a linear variabledifferential transformer (LVDT) shall be mounted in a mannerso as to ensure accurate displacement measurement.5.1.2 Shear Test:5.1.2.1 Asystem suitable for applying shear forces is shownin Fig. 2. for a single fastener specimen. The compon
23、ents of thetest fixture shall be of sufficient size and strength to preventyielding during application of the ultimate test load. The testsystem support shall be of sufficient size to prevent local failureof the structural member in the bearing contact area. Whendisplacements are measured, dial gage
24、s or a linear variabledifferential transformer (LVDT) shall be mounted in a mannerso as to ensure accurate displacement measurement.5.1.2.2 The thickness of the shear fixture in the immediatevicinity of the test fastener shall be approximately equal to thefastener shank diameter at the point of inte
25、rsection of thefastener and the base material unless otherwise specified. Thehole in the shear fixture designed to accommodate the fastenershall have a diameter that is 0.5 6 0.1 mm (0.020 6 0.004 in.)FIG. 1 Typical Static Tension Test ArrangementE1190 112greater than that of the fastener shank diam
26、eter tested. Alter-natively, a shear fixture using a slot to accommodate thefastener instead of a round hole shall be permitted. The loadingend of the slot shall have a width that is 0.5 6 0.1 mm(0.020 6 0.004 in.) greater than that of the fastener shankdiameter tested. The non-loading end of the sl
27、ot is permitted tobe larger than the fastener head or thread diameter. The initialshape of the hole or the loading end of the slot in the shearfixture shall correspond to that of the fastener shank crosssection and shall be maintained throughout all tests. For shearfixtures using a slot to accommoda
28、te the fastener instead of ahole, loading is to be applied parallel to the slot. Worn ordeformed holes or slots shall be repaired. When required, insertsleeves shall be installed in the shear plate to meet theserequirements, provided they do not increase deformation of theanchorage under load.5.2 Op
29、tional Displacement Measurements Displacementor deformation measurements are not required to derive designdata for a given fastening system.5.2.1 Tension Test (see Fig. 1)Dial gages, having asmallest division of not more than 0.025 mm (0.001 in.), or anysuitable measurement devices or calibrated sen
30、sors of at leastcomparable accuracy and sensitivity, such as an LVDT, shall beused to measure displacement of the fastening system relativeto the structural member. The instruments shall be positionedto measure the vertical movement of the fastener with respectto points on the structural member, at
31、a minimum distance of40 mm (1.6 in.) from the center of the test fastener. Theinstruments shall be mounted on the fastener specimen orloading rod at a distance not more than 100 mm (4.0 in.) fromthe structural member surface, in order to minimize extraneousmovements (hardware elongation) in the disp
32、lacement mea-surements.5.2.2 Tests of a Group of Fasteners Only one set ofinstruments is required for a group of fasteners tested as aclosely spaced cluster. The displacement to be used for theevaluation of the findings is the average deformation indicatedby all instruments mounted symmetrically equ
33、idistant from thecenter of the cluster.5.2.3 Shear Test (see Fig. 2)A single dial gage, having asmallest division of not more than 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) or anysuitable measurement device, such as an LVDT, or calibratedsensor of at least comparable accuracy and sensitivity shall beused to measure the
34、displacement of the fastening systemrelative to the structural member. The instrument shall bepositioned to measure displacement in the direction of theapplied force. The displacement sensor shall be placed on thestructural member to allow the sensing element to be in directcontact with the fastener
35、 or be attached directly to the fastener.For tests on clusters of fasteners, the instrument shall lie in aplane through the axis of the shear loading rod or plate. Anextension of the axis of the shear fixture shall pass through thecentroid of the cluster of fasteners.6. Hazards6.1 Take precaution to
36、 ensure that people are not injured andthat test equipment, instrumentation, and the building, itscomponents, and its finish are not damaged prior to, during, orafter load application, by any unexpected release of potentialstrain energy accumulated during testing.6.2 All operators of powder-actuated
37、 tools used for theinstallation of test specimens shall be licensed by the manu-facturer. Operators shall comply with ANSI A10.3 require-ments and local safety requirements.7. Test Specimens7.1 Fastening SystemThe fastening system shall be rep-resentative of the type and lot to be used in field cons
38、tructionand shall include all accessory hardware normally required.FIG. 2 Typical Static Shear Test ArrangementE1190 1137.2 Fastener InstallationThe fasteners shall be installedusing the manufacturers installation instructions and tools or,where specific deviation is justified, in accordance with ac
39、-cepted field methods or to meet the requirements of the tests.7.3 Fastener PlacementAll fasteners (types, sizes, em-bedment depths) to be used in a given installation shall eitherbe tested individually or in groups of two or more at theintended spacing. Fasteners shall be installed at distances equ
40、alto or greater than those specified in Table 1 to precludeinfluences from adjacent fasteners or edges during testing.These distances are not to be considered minimum distances.Tests shall be performed to determine minimum spacing andedge distances.7.4 Structural MemberThe structural member in which
41、the fastener is to be installed shall be representative of thematerials and configuration intended for field use. Concrete ormasonry structural members do not have to be reinforced withsteel (Note 1).NOTE 1The location and orientation of reinforcement embedded inconcrete and masonry members may infl
42、uence fastener capacity. Theirinfluence shall be evaluated if reinforcement is used.7.5 The concrete or masonry structural member thickness,T, shall be sufficient to ensure that the installation and testingof the fastener will not crack or cause any other failure of thebase material.7.6 The length,
43、L, and width, W, of concrete structuralmembers shall ensure that no shear breakout or tension failurespall intersects either the outside edges of the structuralmember or the bearing contact points of the test frame.7.7 The edge distance, c, shall be as in Table 1 where thereaction bridge in the shea
44、r test set-up shown in Fig. 2 providesa minimum 150-mm (5.9-in.) clearance along the edge of theconcrete structural member and a minimum 50-mm (2.0-in.)clearance along the edge of a steel structural member (notshown). A shear reaction bridge is not required when concreteedge distances exceed 150 mm
45、or steel edge distances exceed50 mm.7.8 When testing fasteners installed in horizontal mortarjoints, the masonry wall shall be treated as a completestructural member. The minimum edge distances and spacinglisted in Table 1 for concrete structural members do not applyto masonry walls. Fasteners shall
46、 be installed in masonry wallsusing the manufacturers installation instructions or in accor-dance with accepted field methods.8. Number of Tests8.1 Tensile or Shear ResistanceFor determining the aver-age tensile or shear resistance, perform at least the minimumnumber of tests per condition specified
47、 in Table 2. Dependingon the purpose of the test, the number of tests shall beincreased. These tests shall be repeated for each variation infastener type, size, embedment depth, location, and for eachvariation in the type or strength of structural member. Alter-natively, if the sample size is ten an
48、d the coefficient of variationis 15 % or greater, the fastener capacity shall be based on thelowest test value for the original ten tests instead of increasingthe sample size.8.2 All installed fasteners shall be tested regardless offastener embedment, angle of installation, damage to thestructural m
49、ember, or damage to the fastener. Fasteners thatcannot be tested, because they did not set at all, that is were notinstalled properly, shall be reported as invalid data points.Invalid data points shall not be included when determining theaverage ultimate test values.8.3 For developing minimum edge distances and fastenerspacings, the number of fasteners for each condition shall be atleast ten.9. Procedure9.1 Positioning of Loading System:9.1.1 Tension TestPosition the loading system over thefastener, such as shown in Fig. 1, in such a way that the testsy
