1、Designation: E 1208 05Standard Test Method forFluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using theLipophilic Post-Emulsification Process1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1208; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for fluorescentliquid penetrant examination utilizing the
3、lipophilic post-emulsification process. It is a nondestructive testing method fordetecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such ascracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, through leaks, orlack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, andmaintenance examination. It can be e
4、ffectively used in theexamination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous andof nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densifiedceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.1.2 This test method also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a fluorescent liquid penetrant examination,lip
5、ophilic post-emulsification process recommended or re-quired by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertainits applicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the fluorescent penetrant examination of materialsand parts using the lipophi
6、lic post-emulsification process.Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regardingspecific techniques is strongly recommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest stan
7、dardsfor evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointedout, however, that indications must be interpreted or classifiedand then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separatecode or specification or a specific agreement to define the type,size, location, and direction of indicati
8、ons considered accept-able, and those considered unacceptable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. SI units are provided for information only.1.5 All areas of this document may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plie
9、r, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the a
10、pplica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in WaterD 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-leum Products (Bomb Method)D 1552 T
11、est Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-destructive TestingE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinati
12、ons2.2 ASNT Documents:3Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Qualification and Certification ofNDT Personnel2.3 Military Standard:4MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification2.4 AIA Standa
13、rd:5NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 onLiquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved Janu
14、ary 1, 2005. Published January 2005. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1208 - 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
15、to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 1911
16、1-5094, Attn: NPODS.5Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.5 Department of Defense (DoD) ContractsUnless oth
17、-erwise specified, the issue of the documents that are DoDadopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Depart-ment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) citedin the solicitation.2.6 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict betweenthe text of this test method and the references
18、 cited herein, thetext of this test method takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions relating to liquid penetrantexamination, which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall applyto the terms used in this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A post-emulsifiable, liquid, fluorescent
19、 penetrant is ap-plied evenly over the surface being tested and allowed to enteropen discontinuities. After a suitable dwell time, the excesssurface penetrant is removed by applying the lipophilic emul-sifier and the part is water-rinsed and dried. If an aqueousdeveloper is to be employed, the devel
20、oper is applied prior tothe drying step. A developer is applied to draw the entrappedpenetrant out of the discontinuity and stain the developer. Thetest surface is then examined visually using a black light in adarkened area to determine the presence or absence of indica-tions. (WarningFluorescent p
21、enetrant examination shall notfollow a visible penetrant examination unless the procedure hasbeen qualified in accordance with 9.2, because visible dyesmay cause deterioration or quenching of fluorescent dyes.)NOTE 1The developer may be omitted by agreement between pur-chaser and supplier.4.2 Proces
22、sing parameters, such as precleaning, penetrationtime, emulsification time, etc., are determined by the specificmaterials used, the nature of the part under examination (thatis, size, shape, surface condition, alloy), type of discontinuitiesexpected, etc.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant e
23、xamination methods indicate the pres-ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinuities. This test method isnormally used for production examination of critical compo-nents or structures when (a) removal of excessive amounts ofpenetrant from discontin
24、uities using a water-washable processcan be a problem and (b) the use of a hydrophilic remover isimpractical.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Liquid Penetrant Examination Materials, for use in thelipophilic post-emulsification process (see Note 2) consist of afamily of post-emulsifiable fluorescent pene
25、trant, lipophilicemulsifier, and are classified as Type I Fluorescent, MethodBPost-Emulsifiable, Lipophilic. Intermixing of materialsfrom various manufacturers is not recommended. (WarningWhile approved penetrant materials will not adversely affectcommon metallic materials, some plastics or rubbers
26、may beswollen or stained by certain penetrants.)NOTE 2Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content.6.2 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are designed to be in-soluble in water and cannot be removed with water rinsingalone. They are designed to be selectively removed
27、from thesurface by the use of a separate emulsifier. The lipophilicemulsifier, properly applied and given a proper emulsificationtime, combines with the excess surface penetrant to form awater-washable mixture, which can then be rinsed from thesurface, leaving the surface free of fluorescent backgro
28、und.Proper emulsification time must be experimentally establishedand maintained to assure that over emulsification does notoccur, resulting in loss of indications.6.3 Lipophilic Emulsifiers are oil-base liquids used to emul-sify the oily penetrant on the surface of the part, rendering itwater washab
29、le. The rate of diffusion establishes the emulsiontime. They are either slow- or fast-acting, depending on boththeir viscosity and chemical composition, and the surfaceroughness of the area being examined (see 7.1.5.1).6.4 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the
30、penetrant out of open discontinui-ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Severaltypes of developers are suitable for use with the lipophilicpenetrant process. (WarningAqueous developers may causestripping of indications if n
31、ot properly applied and controlled.The procedure should be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)6.4.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that is,free-flowing, noncaking powder) in accordance with7.1.8.1(a). Care should be taken not to contaminate thedeveloper with fluorescent penetrant, as the
32、 penetrant speckscan appear as indications.6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be inaccordance with manufacturers recommendations (see7.1.8.1(b).6.4.3 Nonaqueous, We
33、t Developers are supplied as suspen-sions of developer particles in a nonaqueous solvent carrierready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous, wet developers form acoating on the surface of the part when dried, which serves asthe developing medium for fluorescent penetrants (see7.1.8.1(c). (WarningThis type
34、 of developer is intended forapplication by spray only.)6.4.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer may bestripped
35、 from the part and retained for record purposes (see7.1.8.1(d).7. Procedure7.1 The following general procedure applies to the fluores-cent liquid penetrant examination, lipophilic post-emulsification process method (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and th
36、e surface of the part to be processed should bebetween 40 and 125F 4 and 52C. Where it is not practicalE1208052to comply with these temperature limitations, qualify theprocedure at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant InspectionSatisfactory
37、 results may be obtained on surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or forceramics in the densified condition. These sensitive penetrantsare generally less easily rinsed away and are therefore lesssuitable for rougher surfaces. When only loose surface residu-als are pr
38、esent, these may be removed by wiping the surfacewith clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of metals toremove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, scale,insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be doneusing cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical remov-ing processe
39、s. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining,polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and vaporblasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness
40、of the examination. For metals, unless otherwisespecified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists thatprevious cleaning, surface treatments, or service usage haveproduced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness ofthe examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning andSurface Cond
41、itioning and Annex on Acid Etching in TestMethod E 165 for general precautions relative to surfaceIncoming PartsPRECLEAN(See 7.1.3.1)Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash AcidEtchMechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply Post-Emulsifia
42、blePenetrantLIPOPHILICEMULSIFIER(See 7.1.5)Apply LipophilicEmulsifierFINAL RINSE(See 7.1.6)Water WashDRY(See 7.1.7)DEVELOP(See 7.1.8)Dry Developer(Aqueous)DEVELOP(See 7.1.8)DRY(See 7.1.7)Developer Dry,Nonaqueousor Liquid FilmDryEXAMINE(See 7.1.9)ExamineWater Rinse Detergent MechanicalWashPOST CLEAN(
43、See 7.1.11 and Prac-tice E 165, Annex on PostCleaning.)DryVapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic CleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification ProcessE1208053preparation.) (WarningSand or shot blasting may possibl
44、yclose indications. Extreme care should be used with grindingand machining operations.)NOTE 3When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.NOTE 4For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blas
45、ting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or
46、 liquid)that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts orareas of parts to be inspected must be clean and dry before thepenetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as a weldincluding the heat-affected zone, is to be examined, all con-taminants shall be removed from the area b
47、eing examined asdefined by the contracting parties. “Clean” is intended to meanthat the surface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux,spatter, grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interferewith penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent thepenetrant from entering discont
48、inuities (seeAnnex on Cleaningof Parts and Materials in Test Method E 165 for more detailedcleaning methods). (WarningResidues from cleaning pro-cesses such as strong alkalies, pickling solutions, and chro-mates, in particular, may adversely react with the penetrant andreduce its sensitivity and per
49、formance.)7.1.3.2 Drying after CleaningIt is essential that the sur-face parts be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any liquidresidue will hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying maybe accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, withinfrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or exposure to ambienttemperature.7.1.4 Penetrant ApplicationAfter the part has beencleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperature range,apply the penetrant to the surface to be inspected so that theentire part or area under examination is completely coveredwith pene
