1、Designation: E1210 10Standard Practice forFluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing Using the HydrophilicPost-Emulsification Process1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for fluorescent pen-etrant examination utilizing the hydrophilic post-
3、emulsificationprocess. It is a nondestructive testing method for detectingdiscontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks,seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, throughleaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final,and maintenance examination. It can be
4、 effectively used in theexamination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous andnonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed orfully densified ceramics and certain nonporous plastics andglass.1.2 This practice also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a fluorescent penetrant examinat
5、ion hydro-philic post-emulsification process recommended or required byindividual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain theirapplicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the fluorescent penetrant examination of materialsand parts using th
6、e hydrophilic post-emulsification process.Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regardingspecific techniques is strongly recommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This practice does not indicate or sugge
7、st standards forevaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointed out,however, that indications must be interpreted or classified andthen evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate codeor specification or a specific agreement to define the type, size,location, and direction of i
8、ndications considered acceptable,and those considered unacceptable.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded asstandard. SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
9、 theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 All areas of this practice may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plier, or sp
10、ecific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in WaterD808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used PetroleumProducts (Bomb Method)D1552 T
11、est Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Exam
12、inations2.2 ASNT Documents:Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing3ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel32.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifi
13、ca-tion and Certification42.4 AIA Standard:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel51This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Part
14、icle Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1210 - 05. DOI:10.1520/E1210-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
15、For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk
16、, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.5Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United St
17、ates.2.5 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specified, the issueof the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed inthe issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index ofSpecifications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.6 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict betweenthis practice and
18、the references cited herein, this practicetakes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitionsdefinitions relating to liquid penetrant ex-amination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply tothe terms used in this practice.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A post-emulsifiable, liquid, fluorescent penetrant
19、 is ap-plied evenly over the surface being tested and allowed to enteropen discontinuities. After a suitable dwell time and prerinse,the excess surface penetrant is removed by applying a hydro-philic emulsifier and the surface is rinsed and dried. Adeveloper is then applied drawing the entrapped pen
20、etrant outof the discontinuity and staining the developer. If an aqueousdeveloper is to be employed, the developer is applied prior tothe drying step. The test surface is then examined visuallyunder black light in a darkened area to determine the presenceor absence of indications. (WarningFluorescen
21、t penetrantexamination shall not follow a visible penetrant examinationunless the procedure has been qualified in accordance with 9.2,because visible dyes may cause deterioration or quenching offluorescent dyes.)4.2 Processing parameters such as precleaning, penetrationtime, prerinsing, hydrophilic
22、emulsifier concentration, etc., aredetermined by the specific materials used, the nature of the partunder examination (that is, size, shape, surface condition,alloy), type of discontinuities expected, etc.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the pres-ence, locatio
23、n, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinuities. This practice is normallyused for production examination of critical components, wherereproducibility is essential. More procedural controls andprocessing steps are required than with other processes.6. Reagents
24、and Materials6.1 Liquid Fluorescent Penetrant Testing Materials, for usein the hydrophilic post-emulsification process, (see Note 1)consist of a family of post-emulsifiable fluorescent penetrant,hydrophilic remover, and appropriate developer and are clas-sified as Type I Fluorescent, Method DPost-Em
25、ulsifiable,Hydrophilic. Intermixing of materials from various manufac-turers is not recommended.NOTE 1Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content. (WarningWhile approved penetrant materials willnot adversely affect common metallic materials, some plastics or ru
26、bbersmay be swollen or stained by certain penetrants.)6.2 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are designed to be in-soluble in water and cannot be removed with water rinsingalone. They are designed to be selectively removed from thesurface by the use of a separate hydrophilic emulsifier. Thehydrophilic emu
27、lsifier, at the proper concentration, properlyapplied, and given a proper emulsification time, combines withthe excess surface penetrant to form a water-washable mixture,which can then be rinsed from the surface leaving the surfacefree of fluorescent background. Proper concentration andhydrophilic e
28、mulsification time must be experimentally estab-lished and maintained to assure that over-emulsification doesnot occur, resulting in loss of indications.6.3 Hydrophilic Emulsifiers are liquids used to emulsify theexcess oily fluorescent penetrant on the surface of the part,rendering it water-washabl
29、e (see 7.1.6). They are water-baseemulsifiers (detergent-type removers) that are supplied asconcentrates to be diluted with water and used as a dip or spray.The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in accordancewith manufacturers recommendations.6.3.1 Hydrophilic emulsifiers function by disp
30、lacing theexcess penetrant film from the surface of the part throughdetergent action. The force of the water spray or air/mechanicalagitation in an open dip tank provides the scrubbing actionwhile the detergent displaces the film of penetrant from the partsurface. The emulsification time will vary,
31、depending on itsconcentration. Its concentration can be monitored by the use ofa suitable refractometer.6.4 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of discontinuitiesthrough blotting action of the applied developer, thus increas-ing the visibility o
32、f the penetrant indications. Several types ofdevelopers are suitable for use with the hydrophilic penetrantprocess.6.4.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied (that is,free-flowing, noncaking powder) in accordance with7.1.9.1(a). Care should be taken not to contaminate thedeveloper with fluores
33、cent penetrant, as the penetrant speckscan appear as indications.6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be inaccordance with manufacturers recommendations (see7.1.9.1(b
34、). (WarningAqueous developers may cause strip-ping of indications if not properly applied and controlled. Theprocedure should be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)6.4.3 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are supplied as suspen-sions of developer particles in a nonaqueous, solvent carrierready for use as sup
35、plied. Nonaqueous, wet developers form acoating on the surface of the part when dried, which serves asthe developing medium for fluorescent penetrants (see7.1.9.1(c). (WarningThis type of developer is intended forapplication by spray only.)6.4.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspe
36、nsions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer may bestripped from the part and retained for record purposes (see7.1.9.1(d).E1210 1027. Procedure7.1 The following general proced
37、ure applies to the fluores-cent penetrant examination hydrophilic post-emulsificationmethod (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surface of the part to be processed should bebetween 40 and 125F (4 and 52C). Where it is not practicalto comply with the
38、se temperature limitations, qualify theprocedure at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant InspectionSatisfactory results may be obtained on surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or forceramics in the densifie
39、d condition. These sensitive penetrantsIncoming PartsPRECLEAN(See 7.1.3.1)Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash AcidEtchMechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply Post-EmulsifiablePenetrantPRERINSE(See 7.1.5)PrerinseHYDROPHILICEMULSIFIE
40、R(See 7.1.6)ApplyHydrophilicEmulsifierSpray ImmersionFINAL RINSE(See 7.1.7)WaterWashDRY(See 7.1.8)DryDeveloper(Aqueous)DEVELOP(See 7.1.9)DEVELOP(See 7.1.9)Developer Dry,Nonaqueous orLiquid FilmDryDRY(See 7.1.8)EXAMINEExamine(See 7.1.10)Water Rinse Detergent Mechanical WashPOST CLEANDry(See 7.1.12 an
41、d Prac-tice E165, Annex onPost Cleaning)Vapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic CleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Fluorescent Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable ProcessE1210 103are generally less easily rinsed away and are therefore lesssuitable for rougher surface
42、s. When only loose surface residu-als are present, these may be removed by wiping the surfacewith clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of metals toremove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, scale,insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be doneusing cleaning solvents, vap
43、or degreasing or chemical remov-ing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining,polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and vaporblasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities o
44、r otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwisespecified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists thatprevious cleaning, surface treatments or service usage haveproduced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness ofthe examination. (See A
45、nnex on Mechanical Cleaning andSurface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in TestMethod E165 for general precautions relative to surfacepreparation.)NOTE 2When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.(WarningSand or shot
46、 blasting may possibly close indications andextreme care should be used with grinding and machining operations.)NOTE 3For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3
47、 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts orareas of parts to be inspected mu
48、st be clean and dry before thepenetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as a weld,including the heat-affected zone is to be examined, all con-taminants shall be removed from the area being examined asdefined by the contracting parties.“Clean” is intended to meanthat the surface must be
49、 free of any rust, scale, welding flux,spatter, grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interferewith penetration. All of these contaminants can prevent thepenetrant from entering discontinuities. (See Annex on Clean-ing of Parts and Materials in Test Method E165 for moredetailed cleaning methods.) (WarningResidues from clean-ing processes, such as strong alkalies, pickling solutions andchromates in particular, may adversely react with the penetrantand reduce its sensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying After CleaningIt is essential that the sur-fa
