1、Designation: E1216 11Standard Practice forSampling for Particulate Contamination by Tape Lift1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling surfaces todetermine the presence of particulate contamination, 5 m andlarger. The practice
3、 consists of the application of a pressure-sensitive tape to the surface followed by the removal ofparticulate contamination with the removal of the tape. Thetape with the adhering particles is then mounted on countingslides. Counting and measuring of particles is done by standardtechniques.1.2 This
4、 practice describes the materials and equipmentrequired to perform sampling of surfaces for particle countingand sizing.1.3 The criteria for acceptance or rejection of a part forconformance to surface cleanliness level requirements shall bedetermined by the user and are not included in this practice
5、.1.4 This practice is for use on surfaces that are not damagedby the application of adhesive tape. The use of this practice onany surface of any material not previously tested or for whichthe susceptibility to damage is unknown is not recommended.In general, metals, metal plating, and oxide coatings
6、 will not bedamaged. Application to painted, vapor deposited, and opticalcoatings should be evaluated before implementing this test.1.5 This practice provides three methods to evaluate tape lifttests, as follows:SectionsPractice AThis method uses light transmitted through the tapeand tape adhesive t
7、o detect particles that adhere to it.4to6Practice BThis method uses light transmitted through the tapeadhesive after bonding to a base microscope slide, dissolvingthe tape backing, and a cover slide. The particles are embeddedin the adhesive, and air bubbles are eliminated with acrylicmounting media
8、.7to9Practice CThis method uses light reflected off the tape adhesiveto detect particles that adhere to it.10 to 121.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6.1 ExceptionThe inch-pound units given in parenthe-ses are
9、 for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
10、to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E595 Test Method for Total Mass Loss and CollectedVolatile Condensable Materials from Outgassing in aVacuum EnvironmentF312 Test Methods for Microscopical Sizing and CountingParticles from Aerospace Fluids on Membrane Filters2.2 Federal Standard:Fede
11、ral Standard 595 Color33. Significance and Use3.1 The tape lift provides a rapid and simple technique forremoving particles from a surface and determining theirnumber and size distribution.3.2 By using statistically determined sample size and loca-tions, an estimate of the surface cleanliness level
12、of large areascan be made. The user shall define the sampling plan.3.3 The sampling plan shall consider the importance ofsurface geometry and surface orientation to gas flow, gravity,obstructions, and previous history of hardware. These factorsinfluence particle fallout and entrapment of particles o
13、n thesurface. The geometry of joints, recessed areas, fasteners, andthe correspondence of particle-count data to area can bemaintained.3.4 The selection of tape and the verification of its effect onthe cleanliness of the hardware is very important. The tapeadhesive should have sufficient cohesion to
14、 avoid transfer ofthe adhesive to the surface under test. The impact of adhesivetransfer should be evaluated by laboratory testing before using1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on SpaceSimulation and Applications of Space Technology and is the direct responsibility ofSub
15、committee E21.05 on Contamination.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E1216 06. DOI:10.1520/E1216-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
16、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.1Copyrig
17、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the tape on the hardware. Since potential for adhesive transferexists, cleaning to remove any adhesive might be required. Inaddition, the tape should have low outgassing characteristics,and as
18、a minimum, it should meet the requirements of less than1.0 % total mass loss (TML) and 0.1 % collected volatilecondensable materials (CVCM), as measured by Test MethodE595.3.5 Care should be exercised in deciding which surfacesshould be tested by this practice. The tape can removemarginally adhering
19、 paint and coatings. Optical surfacesshould not be tested until verification has been made that thesurface coating will not be damaged. Rough surface finishesresult in low removal efficiencies. Surface finishes up toapproximately 3.20 m (125 in.) have been tested and foundto give satisfactory result
20、s.3.6 This practice has been tested only on surfaces at roomtemperature. Evaluation of temperature effects must be con-ducted prior to using the test on surfaces other than roomtemperature.3.7 Only personnel experienced in microscopic particle-counting techniques should be used to count and size the
21、particles.PRACTICE ATRANSMITTED LIGHTMICROSCOPY4. Apparatus4.1 Counting Slide:4.1.1 Optical glass, polished on both sides, with bevelededges and etched with low reflectance chrome to provide a7.62- by 7.62-cm (3.0- by 3.0-in.) area consisting of 256 (16 by16) individual numbered squares. Each square
22、 has 0.23 cm2(0.015 in.2) of area and is cleaned to remove all particles equalto or greater than 5 m in size.4.1.2 Background ColorFor ease of distinguishing lightparticles from the background, slides colored Green No. 14062or Magenta Red No. 21158 in accordance with FederalStandard 595 may be used.
23、 Other background colors may beused if corresponding accuracy is achieved.4.2 Pressure-Sensitive Tape,4nominal (50-mm) (2-in.) wideclear film backing with a transparent adhesive. Tape to besupplied on a plastic roll.4.2.1 Tape flexibility should be sufficient to allow taping ofareas with 90 angles.4
24、.2.2 Tape backing and adhesive shall be clear, smooth, freeof tape bubbles, flow lines, and imperfections that wouldinterfere with the counting of particles.4.3 Nonlinting Gloves, specially cleaned Nitrile gloves.5. Procedure5.1 Technique:5.1.1 The tape shall be slowly removed directly from theroll
25、to avoid static charge effects and applied immediately tominimize exposure to the air.5.1.2 The tape must be removed immediately after applica-tion to the surface being tested with a slow and steady force.Fast or jerky removal reduces particle retention efficiency andincreases the possibility of lea
26、ving tape residues. Prolongedcontact of the tape to the surface develops stronger binding anda higher probability for tape residues to be left on the surface.5.1.3 Apply the tape to a clean slide as described in 5.2.2.The color of the filter slide must be specified because thenumber of translucent a
27、nd contrasting particles detected willvary depending on the background medium.5.1.4 The outside edges, 6 mm (0.25 in.), shall not be used.This is the area most likely to be contaminated during tapemanufacture, handling, and shipping. The static charges on thetape may draw contaminants to the area fr
28、om outside the testarea.5.1.5 Excessive pressure in applying tape may crush theparticles.5.2 Preparation of the Test Specimen:5.2.1 Prepare a 12-mm (0.5-in.) tab of the free end of thetape. Remove a minimum of 12 cm (5.0 in.) under tension toprevent buckling and apply to one end of the surface. Pres
29、s a10-cm (4-in.) length firmly to the surface. There shall be nocreases or folds. Nonlinting gloves must be worn to prevent theintroduction of skin particles into the sample.5.2.1.1 Do not crush particles on the surface when applyingthe tape. A roller device has been found to work well.5.2.2 Immedia
30、tely after applying the tape to the surface, liftthe tape from one end using an even force. The tape must bekept taut during the removal. Apply the tape to the etched sideof a clean glass counting slide using the same techniquedescribed in 5.2.1.5.3 CountingPlace the glass slide on a colored back-gr
31、ound stage of the microscope with the unetched side up. Sizeand count the particulate contamination in accordance withMethods F312. Squares falling within 6 mm (0.25 in.) of thetape edge shall not be used. The total number of particlesshould be sufficiently large to provide the statistical reliabili
32、tyrequired by Methods F312.5.4 Perform the blank analyses or tares to establish thebackground level of particles in the tape. The backgroundparticle count of the blank shall be no more than 10 % of theallowable value for the surface under test.6. Precision and Bias6.1 Precision and bias are intended
33、 to be adequate for use asa standard practice, or monitoring method.6.1.1 RepeatabilityRepeatability of the counting methodshall be defined in Methods F312.6.1.2 EffectivenessThe minimum effectiveness of particleremoval from smooth surfaces and angles down to 90 is 90 %for particles larger than 5 m.
34、6.2 Bias:6.2.1 No absolute standard nor one traceable to the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology is available, and there-fore, the bias of this practice cannot be determined at this time.6.2.2 The sizing and counting bias is being established forparticles larger than 5 m.4The sole source o
35、f supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis 3M No. 480 polyethylene tape with an acrylic pressure-sensitive backing. If youare aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
36、responsible technical committee, which you may attend.E1216 112PRACTICE BTRANSMITTED LIGHTMICROSCOPY7. Apparatus7.1 Counting Slide:57.1.1 Optical glass, polished on both sides, with bevelededges, providing a 25- by 75-mm (1- by 3-in.) area. Each slideis cleaned to remove all particles equal to or gr
37、eater than 5 min size.7.1.2 Background ColorFor ease of distinguishing lightparticles from the background, slides colored Green No. 14062or Magenta Red No. 21158 in accordance with FederalStandard 595 may be used. Other background colors may beused if corresponding accuracy is achieved.7.2 Pressure-
38、Sensitive Tape,6nominal 19-mm (0.75-in.)wide clear film backing with a transparent adhesive. Tape to besupplied on a plastic roll.7.2.1 Tape flexibility should be sufficient to allow taping ofareas with 90 angles.7.2.2 Tape backing and adhesive should be clear, smooth,free of tape bubbles, flow line
39、s, and imperfections that wouldinterfere with the counting of particles.7.3 Nonlinting Gloves, specially cleaned Nitrile gloves.7.4 Microscope Staining Jar or Dish.77.5 AcetoneThe acetone must be filtered to eliminateparticles over 5.0 m in length and should have no more than10-ppm nonvolatile resid
40、ue; HPLC grade acetone meets thisrequirement.7.6 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)The IPA must be filtered toeliminate particles over 5.0 m in length and should have nomore than 10-ppm nonvolatile residue; HPLC grade IPA meetsthis requirement.7.7 Acrylic Mounting Medium8Low-viscosity (;0.6-Pasor ;60-centipois
41、e) mounting medium will allow for quick flowwith a minimum of air bubbles.7.8 HexaneThe hexane must be filtered to eliminateparticles over 5.0 m in length and should have no more than10-ppm nonvolatile residue; HPLC grade hexane meets thisrequirement.7.9 XyleneThe xylene must be filtered to eliminat
42、e par-ticles over 5.0 m in length and should have no more than10-ppm nonvolatile residue; HPLC grade xylene meets thisrequirement.8. Procedure8.1 Technique:8.1.1 The tape should be slowly removed directly from theroll to avoid static charge effects and applied immediately tominimize exposure to the
43、air.8.1.2 The tape must be removed immediately after applica-tion to the surface being tested with a slow and steady force.Fast or jerky removal reduces particle retention efficiency andincreases the possibility of leaving tape residues. Prolongedcontact of the tape to the surface develops stronger
44、bondingand a higher probability for tape residues to be left on thesurface.8.1.3 Apply the tape to a clean slide as described in 8.2.2.The color of the filter slide must be specified because thenumber of translucent and contrasting particles detected willvary depending on the background medium.8.1.4
45、 The outside edges, 6 mm (0.25 in.), should not beused. This is the area most likely to be contaminated duringtape manufacture, handling, and shipping. The static chargeson the tape may draw contaminants to the area from outside thetest area.8.1.5 Excessive pressure in applying tape may crush thepar
46、ticles.8.2 Preparation of the Test Specimen:8.2.1 Prepare a 12-mm (0.5-in.) tab of the free end of thetape. Remove a minimum of 125 mm (5.0 in.) under tension toprevent buckling and apply to one end of the surface. Press a10-cm (4-in.) length firmly to the surface. There should be nocreases or folds
47、. Nonlinting gloves must be worn to prevent theintroduction of skin particles into the sample.8.2.1.1 Do not crush particles on the surface when applyingthe tape. A roller device has been found to work well.8.2.2 Immediately after applying the tape to the surface, liftthe tape from one end using an
48、even force. The tape must bekept taut during the removal. Apply the tape to the clean glasscounting slide using the same technique described in 8.2.18.3 The next step is to dissolve the tape backing. Thematerials needed are a suitable solvent and a container to holdit and the microscope slide while
49、the tape backing dissolves. Amicroscope staining jar or dish is a good choice for thecontainer, as it will keep the slides separated and allows forcomplete immersion. Acetone dissolves acetate tape backing(Scotch Magic Tape) within 30 min.98.4 After the backing is completely dissolved, remove eachslide individually, and wash it with fresh solvent (both sides).Allow it to dry, and then apply acrylic mounting medium to theadhesive surface.8.4.1 Acrylic mounting media has a similar refractive indexto glass and makes the sandwich almost transparent. A low
