1、Designation: E 1220 05Standard Test Method forVisible Penetrant Examination UsingSolvent-Removable Process1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1220; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2covers procedures for visible pen-etrant examination utilizing the solvent-removable process. Itis a non
3、destructive testing method for detecting discontinuitiesthat are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, coldshuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack offusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenanceexamination. It can be effectively used in the examinati
4、on ofnonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densifiedceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.1.2 This test method also provides a reference:1.2.1 By which a visible penetrant examination methodusing the solvent-remova
5、ble process recommended or requiredby individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain itsapplicability and completeness.1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specificationsdealing with the visible, solvent-removable liquid penetrantexamination of materials and parts. Agreement by the pur
6、-chaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques isstrongly recommended.1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities andpersonnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standardsfor evaluation of the indications obtained. It
7、 should be noted,however, that after indications have been produced, they mustbe interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purposethere must be a separate code, specification, or a specificagreement to define the type, size, location, and direction ofindications considered acceptable, a
8、nd those considered unac-ceptable.1.4 All areas of this test method may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if a
9、ny, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Product
10、s (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in WaterD 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-leum Products (Bomb Method)D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 433 Reference Photographs
11、 for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-tionE 543 Practice for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Documents:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Quali-fication and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qual
12、ification and Certi-fication of NDT Personnel42.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification52.4 AIA Standard:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel62.5 DoD Contracts-Unless otherwise specified, the issuesof the do
13、cuments that are DoD adopted are those listed in the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 onLiquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved January 1, 2005. Published
14、January 2005. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1220 - 99.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related TestMethod SE-1220 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custom
15、er Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.5Available from Stand
16、ardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.6Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
17、hohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci-fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.6 Order of Precedence-In the event of conflict betweenthe text of this test method and the references cited herein, thetext of this test method takes
18、precedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitionsdefinitions relating to liquid penetrant ex-amination, which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply tothe terms used in this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surfacebeing tested and allowed to enter open
19、 discontinuities. After asuitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is removed bywiping and the surface is dried. If an aqueous developer is tobe employed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step.A developer is then applied, drawing the entrapped penetrantout of the discontinuity, s
20、taining the developer. The test surfaceis then examined visually to determine the presence or absenceof indications.4.2 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetrationtime, etc., are determined by the specific materials used, thenature of the part under examination (that is, size, shape,surf
21、ace condition, alloy), and type of discontinuities expected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the pres-ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-tude of the detected discontinuities. This test method isintended primarily for portability and
22、 for localized areas ofexamination, utilizing minimal equipment. Surface roughnessmay be a limiting factor. If so, an alternate process, such aswater-wash visible or post-emulsified penetrant should beconsidered when grinding or machining is not practical.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Visible, Solven
23、t-Removable Liquid Penetrant Examina-tion Materials, (see Note 1) consist of a family of applicablevisible penetrant, solvent remover, as recommended by themanufacturer, and are classified as Type II Visible, MethodCSolvent-Removable. Intermixing of materials from variousmanufacturers is not recomme
24、nded. (WarningWhile ap-proved penetrant materials will not adversely affect commonmetallic materials, some plastics or rubber may be swollen orstained by certain penetrants.)NOTE 1Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, andalkali metal content.6.2 Visible, Solvent-Removable Penetr
25、ants are designed sothat excess surface penetrant can be removed by wiping withdry, clean, lint-free material, and repeating the operation untilmost of the penetrant has been removed. The remaining tracesshall be removed by wiping the surface with clean, lint-freematerial lightly moistened with the
26、solvent remover. To mini-mize removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care should betaken to avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the surfacewith solvent to remove the excess penetrant is prohibited.Visible penetrant examination makes use of a penetrant that isvisible under normal lighting c
27、onditions. The penetrant isusually red in color so that the indications produce a definitecontrast with the white background of the developer. Visiblepenetrant indications must be viewed under adequate whitelight (see 7.1.8.1).6.3 Solvent Removers function by dissolving the penetrant,making it possi
28、ble to wipe the surface clean and free of residualpenetrant as described in 7.1.5.6.4 DevelopersDevelopment of penetrant indications isthe process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-ties through blotting action of the applied developer, thusincreasing the visibility of the penetrant i
29、ndications. Nonaque-ous, wet developers and aqueous developers are the mostcommonly used developers in the visible, solvent-removablepenetrant process. Liquid film developers also are used forspecial applications.6.4.1 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are normally suppliedas suspensions of developer parti
30、cles in a volatile solventcarrier and are ready for use as supplied. They are applied tothe surface by spraying after the excess penetrant has beenremoved and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous, wet develop-ers form a white coating on the surface of the part when driedand serve as a contrasting backg
31、round for visible penetrants(see 7.1.7.1(a). (WarningThis type of developer is intendedfor application by spray only.)6.4.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as drypowder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)in water. The concentration, use and maintenance shall be inaccorda
32、nce with manufacturers recommendations (see7.1.7.1(b).6.4.3 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidalsuspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. Thesedevelopers will form a transparent or translucent coating on thesurface of the part. Certain types of film developer will fixindicati
33、ons and may be stripped from the surface and retainedfor record purposes (see 7.1.7.1(c).7. Procedure7.1 The following general procedure applies to the solvent-removable, visible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 Temperature LimitsThe temperature of the penetrantmaterials and the surfa
34、ce of the part to be processed should befrom 40 to 125F 4 to 52C. Where it is not practical tocomply with these temperature limitations, the procedure mustbe qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in9.2.7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant InspectionSatisfactory results c
35、an usually be obtained on surfaces in theas-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or forceramic in the densified condition. When only loose surfaceresiduals are present, these may be removed by wiping thesurface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning ofmetals to remove proce
36、ssing residuals such as oil, graphite,scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should bedone using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemicalremoving processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, ma-chining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit andE1220052vapor blasting
37、 to remove the peened skin and when penetrantentrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indicationsof unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with theeffectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwisespecified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists thatprev
38、ious cleaning, surface treatments or service usage haveproduced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness ofthe examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning andSurface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in TestMethod E 165 for general precautions relative to surfacepreparation.)NOTE
39、2When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blastingwithout subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.(WarningSand or shot blasting may possibly close indications andextreme care should be used with grinding and machining operations.)NOTE 3For structural or electronic ceramics, s
40、urface preparation bygrinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is notrecommended because of the potential for damage.7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:7.1.3.1 PrecleaningThe success of any penetrant exami-nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface anddiscontinuity
41、 being free of any contaminant that might interferewith the penetrant process. All parts or areas of parts to beinspected must be clean and dry before the penetrant is applied.If only a section of a part, such as a weld, including theheat-affected zone is to be examined, all contaminants shall berem
42、oved from the area being examined as defined by thecontracting parties. “Clean” is intended to mean that thesurface must be free of any rust, scale, welding flux, spatter,grease, paint, oily films, dirt, etc., that might interfere withpenetration. All of these contaminants can prevent the pen-etrant
43、 from entering discontinuities (see Annex on Cleaning ofParts and Materials in Test Method E 165 for more detailedcleaning methods). (WarningResidues from cleaning pro-cesses, such as strong alkalies pickling solutions and chromatesIncoming PartsPRECLEAN(See 7.1.3.1)Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Sol
44、vent Wash Acid EtchMechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic DetergentDRY(See 7.1.3.2)DryPENETRANTAPPLICATION(See 7.1.4)Apply SolventRemovable,VisiblePenetrantREMOVE(See 7.1.5)SolventWipe-OffDRY(See 7.1.6)DryDEVELOP(See 7.1.7)NonaqueousWetorLiquidFilm DeveloperAqueousDeveloperDRY(See 7.1.6)DryEXAMINE(See
45、 7.1.8) ExamineMechanicalWashDetergentPOST CLEAN(See 7.1.10 and PracticeE165, Annex on PostCleaning)DryVapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic CleanOutgoing PartsFIG. 1 Solvent-Removable Visible Penetrant Examination General Procedure FlowsheetE1220053in particular, may adversely react with the penet
46、rant and reduceits sensitivity and performance.)7.1.3.2 Drying After CleaningIt is essential that the areato be examined be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since anyliquid residue will hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Dryingmay be accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens,with infrared l
47、amps, forced hot or cold air, or exposure toambient temperature.7.1.4 Penetrant ApplicationAfter the area to be examinedhas been cleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperaturerange, apply the penetrant to the surface to be inspected so thatthe entire part or area under examination is comple
48、tely coveredwith penetrant.7.1.4.1 Modes of ApplicationThere are various modes ofeffective application of penetrant such as immersion, brushing,flooding, or spraying. Small parts are often placed in suitablebaskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On larger parts,and those with complex geometrie
49、s, penetrant can be appliedeffectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional andelectrostatic spray guns are appropriate means of applyingliquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic sprayapplication can eliminate excess liquid build-up of penetrant onthe surface, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount ofpenetrant entering hollow-cored passages that could serve aspenetrant reservoirs causing severe bleedout problems duringexamination. Aerosol sprays are also very effective and aconvenient portable means of application. (WarningNot allpenetran
