1、Designation: E 1266 88 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Practice forProcessing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash, and Heavy MetalWastes in Structural Fills and Other ConstructionApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1266; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、ear oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides descriptions and references o
3、fexisting test methods and commercial practices relating to theprocessing of lime, fly ash, and heavy metal wastes inconstruction applications.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standar
4、d to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C5 Specification for Quicklime for Structural PurposesC25 Test Method for Chemical Analysis of Limestone,Quicklime, and Hydrated
5、LimeC 109 Test Method for Compressive Strength of HydraulicCement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube Specimens)C110 Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime,Hydrated Lime, and LimestoneC 206 Specification for Finishing Hydrated LimeC 207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-posesC31
6、1 Test Method for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture inPortland Cement ConcreteC 400 Test Method for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime forNeutralization of Waste AcidC 593 Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans forUse with LimeC 618 Specification for Fly
7、 Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture inPortland Cement ConcreteC 821 Specification for Lime for Use with PozzolansC911 Specification for Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, andLimestone for Chemical UsesC 977 Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime forSoil Stabilizatio
8、nD 559 Test Methods for Wetting and Drying CompactedSoil-Cement MixturesD 560 Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing CompactedSoil-Cement MixturesD 1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700kN-m/m3)D 1633 Test Method for Compress
9、ive Strength of MoldedSoil-Cement CylindersD 2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils(Constant Head)D 2435 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of SoilsD 3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion,Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime MixturesD 3987 Test Meth
10、od for Shake Extraction of Solid Wastewith WaterD 4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsE 850 Practice for Use of Inorganic Process Wastes asStructural Fill2.2 Environmental Protection Agency Documents:EPA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)3EPA/SW-8
11、46 Test Methods for Evaluation of Solid Waste4EPA Method 1310 Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity TestMethod and Structural Integrity Test4EPA/SW-872 Properties of Stabilized/Solidified Waste4RCRADocument EPA-IAG-D4-0569 Guide to the Disposalof Chemically Stabilized and Solidified Waste4Solvents51Thi
12、s practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.06 on Recoveryand Reuse.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 1266-88(1999
13、).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Documents 12/18/78, 9/13/79, 5/26/82, 7/26/82, and 4/4/83,
14、 available fromFederal Register U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents,Washington, DC 20402.4Available from Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government PrintingOffice.5Amendments available from Federal Register.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
15、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)5Method 9095 Paint Filter Liquid Test (PFLT)4EPA/530-SW-85-0031 Petitions to Delist Hazardous Waste:A Guidance Manual, NTIS: PB 85-1944884EPA/530-SW-86-008 OWSER Policy Directive No.9527.00-1A, Guidance M
16、anual for Research, Develop-ment, and Demonstration Permits Under 40 CFR 270.654EPA/530-SW-86-016 OWSER Policy Directive No.9487.00-2A, Prohibition on the Placement of Bulk LiquidHazardous Waste in Landfills4EPA/540-2-86-001 Handbook for Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Waste, Superfund Doc
17、ument42.3 Code of Federal Regulations:40 CFR 264 Subpart B, section 264.13, Hazardous WasteManagement System, Land Disposal Restrictions, Pro-posed Rule, Dec. 11, 1988540 CFR 268 Hazardous Waste Management System; LandDisposal Restrictions; and California List Constituents2.4 Department of the Inter
18、ior Document:U.S. Department of the Interior Earth Manual (SectionEdition), 197462.5 Corps of Engineers Document:1110-2-1906 Permeability of Fine Materials, Falling HeadAug. 12, 1987.73. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 fly ashfinely sized ash generated from combustionof pulverized coal. Description
19、s and types are listed in Speci-fications C 593 and C 618.3.1.2 heavy metal wastesindustrial wastes containingheavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, barium,lead, silver, selenium, and mercury; these wastes are generallyliquids, sludges, or filter cakes.3.1.3 Heavy metal wastes may also con
20、tain small amountsof organic compounds. Special provisions are referenced toaccommodate this class of material as stated in 8.4.3.1.4 limea commercial product derived from the calci-nation of high calcium or dolomitic limestone. A number ofASTM standards relating to lime are given in 2.1.3.1.5 monol
21、ithic massa mass that has good dimensionalstability, to freezing and thawing resistance, low permeability,a high bearing capacity, and resistance to attack by biologicalagents. The EPA states that an end product such as this couldbe used as a foundation for buildings or roads, or simply buriedand co
22、vered over in a landfill (EPA/SW-872).3.1.6 resource applicationuse of stabilized products inspecific areas such as earth liners, foundations, road base,backfills, embankments, earth dams, etc.3.1.7 resource structural productsstructural products pro-duced by lime, fly ash, and heavy metal waste; ex
23、amples areblock, brick, aggregates, gabions, and miscellaneous structuralshapes.3.1.8 solidificationa binding physical and chemical treat-ment process that transforms materials containing free liquidsinto a solid, soil-like, or clayey material. This solid materialcan be a monolithic block with struc
24、tural integrity.3.1.9 stabilizationa treatment process that involves both aphysical and chemical reaction for treating heavy metal waste.Heavy metal wastes are considered stabilized when they meetcurrent applicable regulatory requirements.3.1.10 structural landfillman-made earth work meetingengineer
25、ed practices and structural requirements. The fill mustalso be environmentally acceptable and meet EPA require-ments. (See 40 CFR 268.)4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides users with current methods forpreconditioning, handling, processing, and means of character-izing the materials tha
26、t are produced.4.2 Lime and fly ash, and mixtures of lime and fly ash canbe useful for treating hazardous and nonhazardous waste asfollows:4.2.1 Treating hazardous waste for potential resource recov-ery application,4.2.2 Solidifying liquids and sludges that are banned fromland disposal because of ex
27、cess free liquid content,4.2.3 Treating hazardous waste that may require treatmentbecause of hazardous constituents prior to land disposal, and,4.2.4 Treating hazardous waste for potential delisting to anonhazardous waste status. Each one of these applications,however, must comply with requirements
28、of the ResourceRecovery and Conservation Act and the Hazardous and SolidWaste Amendments .5. Properties and Uses of Materials Applicable to thePractice5.1 Commercial Lime The following are properties anduses of commercial lime.5.1.1 Neutralizes acids;5.1.2 Precipitates and reduces the solubilities o
29、f heavymetals;5.1.3 Provides high absorption rates of aqueous and non-aqueous liquids;5.1.4 Solidifies and hardens a number of inorganic wastesludges;5.1.5 Reacts chemically with soils, particularly clays, andthereby reduces plasticity; improves dimensional stability; anddevelops and controls struct
30、ural applications;5.1.6 Develops cements when mixed with natural poz-zolans, such as diatomaceous earth, cherts, shales, volcanicash, and also fly ash formed in the combustion of pulverizedcoal; and5.1.7 Capable of increasing pH of heavy metal waste.5.2 Pulverized Coal Fly AshThe following are prope
31、rtiesand uses of pulverized coal fly ash.5.2.1 Serves as a filler in the treatment of liquid waste;5.2.2 Provides siliceous glass that reacts with lime to formcementitious compounds (tobermorites);5.2.3 Provides aluminous glass which reacts with lime andsulfates to form cementitious compounds (ettri
32、ngites); and6Available from Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, CodeD/7923A, P.O. Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225.7Available from Department of theArmy, U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, PublicDepot, 2803 52nd Ave., Hyattsville, MD 20781.E 1266 88 (2005)25.2.4 Contributes to stabilizing heavy
33、metals that are insolu-bilized with lime.5.2.5 Fly ash is available in different classes depending onthe type of coal. These classes are described in SpecificationC 618 and in Test Method C311. Class C contains some freecalcium oxide that can generate considerable heat when mixedwith water. In some
34、applications, this type of fly ash may needto be preconditioned as described in 7.1.1. Standards pertainingto lime and lime/fly ash are Test Methods C 25, C 110, C 311,and C 400, Specifications C 5, C 206, C 207, C 593, C 618,C 821, C 911, and C 977.NOTE 1Additional information may be found in Test
35、Methods C 109,D 1557, D 1633, D 2434, D 2435, D 3877, D 3987, and D 4318.6. Applications Pertaining to Hazardous Wastes6.1 Resource Recovery ApplicationLime fly ash mixturescan be used to solidify and stabilize the heavy metal waste andrender these treated wastes suitable for use as a resourcestruct
36、ural product. In this application, the lime and fly ashmixtures solidify the waste and stabilize the heavy metalscontained in the waste.6.2 Solidifying Waste Liquids and SludgesLime/fly ashmixtures may be useful for stabilizing/solidifying liquids andsludges that are banned from land disposal becaus
37、e theycontain free liquids. Mixtures of lime/fly ash can be used toreact with the aqueous portion of the waste, thereby solidifyingit so that the treated waste will pass the EPA paint filter liquidtest (PFLT) (Method 9095) and other RCRA regulatory re-quirements as specified under SW-846 and thus be
38、 acceptablefor disposal into hazardous waste landfills.8In some cases, theliquid waste treated by the lime/fly ash mixtures may berequired to also pass an unconfined compressive strength test,in conjunction with the PFLT. Requirements and guidance forthe PFLT and compression test can be found in EPA
39、/530-SW-86-016.6.3 Treating of Hazardous Waste Prior to Land DisposalLime and fly ash may be acceptable materials for treatingselected heavy metal waste by stabilization/solidification whensuch waste requires treatment prior to land disposal because ofspecific hazardous constituents. The EPA is eval
40、uating stabili-zation and solidification for treating heavy metal waste mate-rials. Specific requirements are listed in EPA/530-SW-86-016.6.4 Delisting of Hazardous WasteIn some cases, lime/flyash mixtures may be useful in treating hazardous waste torender them nonhazardous and, therefore, potential
41、ly appli-cable for delisting.Appropriate mixtures of lime and fly ash fortreating a waste for delisting will need to be determined on acase by case basis. Procedures and requirements for petitioningfor delisting of a hazardous waste could require a researchdevelopment and demonstration project permi
42、t (see EPA/530-SW-85-0031 and EPA/530-SW-86-008).6.5 The appropriate mixtures of the lime/fly ash that willtreat the waste to meet the requirements will need to bedetermined on a case by case basis. Presence of organics mayinterfere in the treatment process, and appreciable amounts canobviate the us
43、e of the lime/fly ash systems.7. Laboratory Procedures to Determine Design ofMixtures7.1 Hydrated lime/fly ash mixtures and proportions areprepared and tested using the following ASTM standards:Unconfined compressive strength Test Method C 109Lime for use with pozzolans Specification C 821Lime for c
44、hemical uses Specification C911Moisture density Test Method D 1557Confined compressive strength Test Method D 16337.1.1 The results of these tests may serve as a basis forestablishing mixtures appropriate for the structural applicationsunder consideration. Compressive strength may range from ahigh s
45、trength value for applications as listed in (3.6)3.1.7 tolow strengths for products as listed in (3.4)3.1.5. Sufficientlime is added to obtain the desired strength at optimummoisture content.7.2 Lime/sludge mixtures are run to determine quantity oflime necessary to neutralize acid and precipitate th
46、e heavymetals to an appropriate pH. The EPA provides the solubilitiesof metal hydroxides as a function of pH (40 CFR 268).Methods C 400 is also helpful in this item.7.3 The lime/fly ash blend is added to the lime-treated heavymetal waste in sufficient quantities to comply with the neces-sary require
47、ments for the contemplated use.7.3.1 Compressive strength tests of the final mixture may becompared with the previous results (7.1)7.1. If major changessuch as loss in strength occur, determine if additional curingtime or an increase in the lime dosage is needed.NOTE 2Quicklime can be used as an alt
48、ernate to hydrated lime. Thismay reduce the amount of water in a heavy metal sludge because of theheat of hydration when quicklime is used in place of the hydrate. Sincequicklime consumes considerable water in hydration, the quicklime/flyash blend may be added dry to the wet, heavy-metal waste sludg
49、e as analternate procedure that may reduce the lime/fly ash requirement.7.4 To complete the laboratory tests, the following testmethods may be useful, depending on the particular applica-tion:Wet/dry weathering Test Methods D 559Freezing and thawing Test Methods D 560Falling head permeability Corps of Engineers 1110-2-1906EP Toxicity Test EPA Method 1310NOTE 3If Extraction Procedure, (EP) Toxicity Test shows excessiveconcentration of soluble ingredients, additional curing may be beneficial.8. Construction Practice8.1 Lime and fly ash are usually stored in closed bins
