1、Designation: E1266 12Standard Practice forProcessing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash, and Heavy MetalWastes in Structural Fills and Other ConstructionApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1266; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides descriptions and references ofexisting test method
3、s and commercial practices relating to theprocessing of lime, fly ash, and heavy metal wastes inconstruction applications.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4、priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C5 Specification for Quicklime for Structural PurposesC25 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone,Quicklime, and Hydrated LimeC109/C109M Test
5、Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C110 Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime,Hydrated Lime, and LimestoneC206 Specification for Finishing Hydrated LimeC207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-posesC311 Test Methods for
6、 Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC400 Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime forNeutralization of Waste AcidC593 Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for UseWith Lime for Soil StabilizationC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw
7、or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC821 Specification for Lime for Use with PozzolansC911 Specification for Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, andLimestone for Selected Chemical and Industrial UsesC977 Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime forSoil StabilizationD559 Test Methods for Wettin
8、g and Drying CompactedSoil-Cement Mixtures (Withdrawn 2012)3D560 Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing CompactedSoil-Cement Mixtures (Withdrawn 2012)3D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D1633 Test Methods for Co
9、mpressive Strength of MoldedSoil-Cement CylindersD2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils(Constant Head)D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion,Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil
10、-Lime MixturesD3987 Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste withWaterD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementE850 Guide for Characterization of Inorganic ProcessWastes for Use as Structural Fill2.2 Environme
11、ntal Protection Agency Documents:EPA/600/R-09-148 Technology Performance Review: Se-lecting and Using Solidification/Stabilization Treatmentfor Site Remediation,41This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03
12、on Treatment,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2012. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1266-88(2005). DOI:10.1520/E1266-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
13、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research andDevel
14、opment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, November2009, http:/www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r09148/600r09148.pdfCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1EPA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)5EPA SW-8
15、46 Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,Physical/Chemical Methods6EPA SW-872 Properties of Stabilized/Solidified Waste6RCRA Document EPA-IAG-D4-0569 Guide to the Disposalof Chemically Stabilized and Solidified Waste6Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)Method 1311 Toxicity Characteristic Le
16、aching Procedure6Method 9095 Paint Filter Liquid Test (PFLT)6EPA/530-R-93-007 Petitions to Delist Hazardous Waste: AGuidance Manual (Second Edition), NTIS: PB 93-169-3656EPA/530-SW-86-016 OSWER Policy Directive No.9487.00-2A, Prohibition on the Placement of Bulk LiquidHazardous Waste in Landfills St
17、atutory Interpretive Guid-ance http:/nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=9100MTSR.txt6EPA/540-2-86-001 Handbook for Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Waste, Superfund Document62.3 Code of Federal Regulations:40 CFR 264 Subpart B, section 264.13, Hazardous WasteManagement System, Land Disposa
18、l Restrictions, Pro-posed Rule, Dec. 11, 198840 CFR 268 Hazardous Waste Management System; LandDisposal Restrictions; and California List Constituents2.4 Department of the Interior Document:U.S. Department of the Interior Earth Manual (SectionEdition), 197472.5 Corps of Engineers Document:1110-2-190
19、6 Permeability of Fine Materials, Falling HeadAug. 12, 1987.83. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thispractice, refer to Terminology D5681.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 heavy metal wastesindustrial wastes containingheavy metals such as arsenic, cad
20、mium, chromium, barium,lead, silver, selenium, and mercury; these wastes are generallyliquids, sludges, or filter cakes.3.2.2 Heavy metal wastes may also contain small amountsof organic compounds. Special provisions are referenced toaccommodate this class of material as stated in 8.4.3.2.3 limea com
21、mercial product derived from the calcina-tion of high calcium or dolomitic limestone. A number ofASTM standards relating to lime are given in 2.1.3.2.4 monolithic massa mass that has good dimensionalstability, to freezing and thawing resistance, low permeability,a high bearing capacity, and resistan
22、ce to attack by biologicalagents.3.2.5 resource applicationuse of stabilized products inspecific areas such as earth liners, foundations, road base,backfills, embankments, earth dams, etc.3.2.6 resource structural productsstructural products pro-duced by lime, fly ash, and heavy metal waste; example
23、s areblock, brick, aggregates, gabions, and miscellaneous structuralshapes.3.2.7 solidificationa binding physical and chemical treat-ment process that transforms materials containing free liquidsinto a solid, soil-like, or clayey material. This solid materialcan be a monolithic block with structural
24、 integrity.3.2.8 stabilizationa treatment process that involves both aphysical and chemical reaction for treating heavy metal waste.Heavy metal wastes are considered stabilized when they meetcurrent applicable regulatory requirements.3.2.9 structural landfillman-made earth work meetingengineered pra
25、ctices and structural requirements. The fill mustalso be environmentally acceptable and meet EPA require-ments. (See 40 CFR 268.)4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides users with current methods forpreconditioning, handling, processing, and means of character-izing the materials that are
26、produced.4.2 Lime and fly ash, and mixtures of lime and fly ash canbe useful for treating hazardous and nonhazardous waste asfollows:4.2.1 Treating hazardous waste for potential resource recov-ery application,4.2.2 Solidifying liquids and sludges that are banned fromland disposal because of excess f
27、ree liquid content,4.2.3 Treating hazardous waste that may require treatmentbecause of hazardous constituents prior to land disposal, and,4.2.4 Treating hazardous waste for potential delisting to anonhazardous waste status. Each one of these applications,however, must comply with requirements of the
28、 ResourceRecovery and Conservation Act and the Hazardous and SolidWaste Amendments.5. Properties and Uses of Materials Applicable to thePractice5.1 Commercial Lime The following are properties anduses of commercial lime.5.1.1 Neutralizes acids;5.1.2 Provides hydroxide ions leading to reduced solubil
29、ityof heavy metals and precipitation of metal species;5.1.3 Provides high absorption rates of aqueous and non-aqueous liquids;5.1.4 Solidifies and hardens a number of inorganic wastesludges;5.1.5 Reacts chemically with soils, particularly clays, andthereby reduces plasticity; improves dimensional st
30、ability; anddevelops and controls structural applications;5Documents 12/18/78, 9/13/79, 5/26/82, 7/26/82, and 4/4/83, available fromFederal Register U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.6Ava
31、ilable from Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.7Available from Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, CodeD/7923A, P.O. Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225. http:/www.usbr.gov.8Available from Department of theArmy, U.S.Army Corps of Engineer
32、s, PublicDepot, 2803 52nd Ave., Hyattsville, MD 20781.E1266 1225.1.6 Develops cements when mixed with naturalpozzolans, such as diatomaceous earth, cherts, shales, volcanicash, and also fly ash formed in the combustion of pulverizedcoal; and5.1.7 Capable of increasing pH of heavy metal waste.5.2 Pul
33、verized Coal Fly AshThe following are propertiesand uses of pulverized coal fly ash.5.2.1 Serves as a filler in the treatment of liquid waste;5.2.2 Provides siliceous glass that reacts with lime to formcementitious compounds (tobermorites);5.2.3 Provides aluminous glass which reacts with lime andsul
34、fates to form cementitious compounds (ettringites); and5.2.4 Contributes to stabilizing heavy metals that are insolu-bilized with lime.5.2.5 Fly ash is available in different classes depending onthe type of coal. These classes are described in SpecificationC618 and in Test Method C311. Class C conta
35、ins some freecalcium oxide that can generate considerable heat when mixedwith water. In some applications, this type of fly ash may needto be preconditioned as described in 8.1.1. Standards pertainingto lime and lime/fly ash are Test Methods C25, C110, C311,and C400, Specifications C5, C206, C207, C
36、593, C618, C821,C911, and C977.NOTE 1Additional information may be found in Test MethodsC109/C109M, D1557, D1633, D2434, D2435, D3877, D3987, andD4318.6. Applications Pertaining to Hazardous Wastes6.1 Resource Recovery ApplicationLime fly ash mixturescan be used to solidify and stabilize the heavy m
37、etal waste andrender these treated wastes suitable for use as a resourcestructural product. In this application, the lime and fly ashmixtures solidify the waste and stabilize the heavy metalscontained in the waste.6.2 Solidifying Waste Liquids and SludgesLime/fly ashmixtures may be useful for stabil
38、izing/solidifying liquids andsludges that are banned from land disposal because theycontain free liquids. Mixtures of lime/fly ash can be used toreact with the aqueous portion of the waste, thereby solidifyingit so that the treated waste will pass the EPA tests for free orreleased liquids (e.g., SW-
39、846 Method 9095 or Method 9096)and other RCRA regulatory requirements and thus be accept-able for disposal into hazardous waste landfills. In some cases,the liquid waste treated by the lime/fly ash mixtures may berequired to also pass an unconfined compressive strength test.Requirements and guidance
40、 for the free or release liquidstesting and compression testing can be found in EPA/530-SW-86-016.6.3 Treating of Hazardous Waste Prior to Land DisposalLime and fly ash may be acceptable materials for treatingselected heavy metal waste by stabilization/solidification whensuch waste requires treatmen
41、t prior to land disposal because ofspecific hazardous constituents. More information on selectionand use of solidification/stabilization technology for treatmentof wastes is available in EPA/600/R-09/148 while specificrequirements are listed in EPA/530-SW-86-016.6.4 Delisting of Hazardous WasteIn so
42、me cases, lime/flyash mixtures may be useful in treating hazardous waste torender them nonhazardous and, therefore, potentially appli-cable for delisting.Appropriate mixtures of lime and fly ash fortreating a waste for delisting will need to be determined on acase by case basis. Procedures and requi
43、rements for petitioningfor delisting of a hazardous waste could require a researchdevelopment and demonstration project permit (see EPA/530-R-93-007).6.5 The appropriate mixtures of the lime/fly ash that willtreat the waste to meet the requirements will need to bedetermined on a case by case basis.
44、Presence of organics mayinterfere in the treatment process, and appreciable amounts canobviate the use of the lime/fly ash systems.7. Laboratory Procedures to Determine Design ofMixtures7.1 Quicklime/fly ash and hydrated lime/fly ash mixturesand proportions are prepared and tested using the followin
45、gASTM standards:Unconfined compressive strength Test Method C109/C109MLime for use with pozzolans Specification C821Lime for chemical uses Specification C911Moisture density Test Method D1557Confined compressive strength Test Method D16337.1.1 The results of these tests may serve as a basis forestab
46、lishing mixtures appropriate for the structural applicationsunder consideration. Compressive strength requirements mayrange from a high strength value for applications as listed in3.2.6 to low strengths for products as listed in 3.2.5. Sufficientlime is added to obtain the desired strength at optimu
47、mmoisture content.7.2 Lime/sludge mixtures are tested to determine quantity oflime necessary to neutralize acid and precipitate the heavymetals. The EPA provides the solubility of metal hydroxides asa function of pH (40 CFR 268). Methods C400 is also helpfulin addressing waste neutralization.7.3 The
48、 lime/fly ash blend is added to the lime-treated heavymetal waste in sufficient quantities to comply with the neces-sary requirements for the contemplated use.7.3.1 Compressive strength tests of the final mixture may becompared with the previous results in 7.1. If major changessuch as loss in streng
49、th occur, determine if additional curingtime or an increase in the lime dosage is needed.NOTE 2Quicklime and hydrated lime are commonly in designmixtures and can be used interchangeably. However, quicklime mayreduce the amount of water in a heavy metal sludge because of the heat ofhydration when quicklime is used in place of the hydrated lime (ashydrated lime has a lower heat of hydration). Since quicklime consumesconsiderable water in hydration, the quicklime/fly ash blend may be addeddry to the wet, heavy-metal waste sludge as an alternate procedure thatmay
