1、Designation: E1320 10 (Reapproved 2014)E1320 15Standard Reference Radiographs forTitanium Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1320; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 The reference radiographs provided in the adj
3、unct to this standard are reproductions of original radiographs and are suppliedas a means for establishing some of the categories and severity levels of discontinuities in titanium castings that may be revealedby radiographic examination. Use of this standard for the specification or grading of cas
4、tings requires procurement of the adjunctreference radiographs which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They should be used in accordance withcontractual specifications.NOTE 1The original radiographs produced for Volume I were taken with X-rays in the range of 110 KV to 220 KV.
5、The original radiographs producedfor Volume II were taken with X-rays in the range of 200 K to 340 KV.1.2 These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in titaniumcastings when performing digital radiography. If performing digital radi
6、ography of titanium castings, refer to Digital ReferenceImage Standard E2669.1.3 These reference radiographs consist of two volumes. Volume I, described in Table 1, is applicable to a wall thickness of upto 1 in. (0 to 25.4 mm). Volume II, described in Table 2, is applicable to a wall thickness of o
7、ver 1 in. to 2 in. (25.4 mm to 50.8mm). The standard may be used, where there is no other applicable standard, for other thicknesses for which agreement has beenreached between purchaser and manufacturer.NOTE 2The reference radiographs are not impacted by this revision. There have been no revisions
8、to the adjunct reference radiographs since originalissue. The adjunct reference radiographs of any issue remain valid and may be used to this standard.1.4 The plates produced to serve for use in this standard were purposely cast to exhibit the desired discontinuity. The plates werecast using differe
9、nt processes as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Hot isostatic pressing was not used on any of the plates.1.5 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunctmaterials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemi
10、cals used, changes in the dies or printing for thecardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and allreference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance levelr
11、epresented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standardregardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given
12、in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish a
13、ppropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations1 This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E
14、07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 on ReferenceRadiological Images.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Sept. 1, 2015. Published November 2014September 2015. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20102014as E1320 - 10.E1320 -
15、 14. DOI: 10.1520/E1320-14.10.1520/E1320-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is
16、not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropri
17、ate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E2669 Digital Reference Images for Titanium Castings2.2 ASTM Adju
18、ncts:Reference Radiographs for the Inspection of Titanium CastingsVolume I, applicable up to 1 in. (25.4 mm)3,4Volume II, applicable over 1 in. to 2 in. (25.4 mm to 50.8 mm)4,53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this standard, see Terminology E1316.4. Significance and Use4.
19、1 These reference radiographs are designed so that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements,can be specified in terms of these radiographs. The radiographs are of castings that were produced under conditions designed toproduce the discontinuities. The reference radiog
20、raphs are intended to be used for casting thickness ranges in accordance withTable 1 and Table 2.5. Description of Discontinuities5.1 This section is provided to aid in the identification and classification of discontinuities. It briefly describes the radiographicappearance of those discontinuities
21、in the reference radiograph adjuncts and indicates their probable cause in titanium. Theradiographic appearance of different discontinuities can at times be very similar. Therefore, care should always be taken duringthe process of identification. In extreme cases other methods of identification, eit
22、her nondestructive or destructive, may need tobe employed to obtain positive identification.5.1.1 GasGas in its various forms is usually caused by the reaction of molten titanium with the mold or residual material leftin the mold. Gas tends to migrate to the upper portions of the casting. The format
23、ion of clustered or scattered gas holes results fromthe generation of larger amounts of gas than a single gas hole. Whether the larger amount of gas spreads out or is confined to asmall area is dependent upon a number of factors including casting process, reaction area, solidification rate, wall thi
24、ckness, andgeometry.5.1.1.1 Gas holeA spherical void formed through the release and subsequent entrapment of gas during solidification. A gashole will appear as a dark round spot on the radiograph.5.1.1.2 Clustered gas holesA closely nested group of dark round voids concentrated within a self-define
25、d boundary area.5.1.1.3 Scattered gas holesMultiple voids appearing as dark round spots on the radiograph. They are randomly spreadthroughout a part or area of a part to a lesser concentration than clustered gas holes but with the potential to degrade the castingthrough their interaction which precl
26、udes their evaluation on an individual basis.5.1.2 ShrinkageWhile at times the appearance of shrinkage in titanium may be radiographically similar to shrinkage in steel,the faster solidification rate of titanium has a dramatic effect on the conditions under which each shrinkage type will occur intit
27、anium. Other factors which influence the formation of shrinkage are wall thickness and thickness transition gradients, gate sizeand orientation, mold design, casting configuration, metal/mold temperature, and pouring rate and method. All the types of3 Available from ASTM International Headquarters.
28、Order Reference Radiograph No. RRE132001.4 Volumes I and II are available from ASTM International Headquarters as a set. Order Reference Radiographs RRE1320CS.5 Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Reference Radiograph No. RRE132002.TABLE 1 VOLUME I0 to 1 in.Discontinuity Casting Pr
29、ocess Alloy PlateThickness, in. Applicable CastingThickness, in.Gas hole Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V 14 up to 38Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V 12 over 38 to 58Clustered holes Centrifugal precision Ti 6AL 4V 34 over 58
30、 to 1Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V 14 up to 38Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V 12 over 38 to 58Scattered gas holes Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V 34 over 58 to 1Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 12 over 14 to 58Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite
31、 Ti 6AL 4V 34 over 58 to 1Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V 14 up to 38Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V 12 over 38 to 58Scattered shrinkage cavity Top pour lost wax Ti 6AL 4V 34 over 58 to 1Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 14 up to 38
32、Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 12 over 38 to 58Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 34 over 58 to 1Less dense inclusions Varied Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1More dense inclusions Varied Ti 6AL 4V N/A up to 1E1320 152shrinkage described in 5.1.2.1 through 5.1.2.3 h
33、ave a degree of overlap. However, each is most likely to occur under a specificset of conditions primarily influenced by metal feed, section thickness and cooling rate.5.1.2.1 Scattered shrinkageAppears on a radiograph as dark fine lacy or filamentary voids of varying densities. These voidsare usual
34、ly uniformly spread throughout the area of the casting where shrinkage is occurring and are relatively shallow. Scatteredshrinkage cavities are most common in wall thicknesses ranging from 18 in. to 34 in. (3.175 mm to 19.05 mm) being more prevalentin the thinner sections of the range. Scattered shr
35、inkage cavities are caused by varying cooling rates in the same area of a castingthat can result from differences in wall thickness or other factors.5.1.2.2 Centerline shrinkageCharacterized by a more discrete dark indication than scattered shrinkage. The indication hasdefinite borders consisting of
36、 a lacy network of varying density or a network of interconnected elongated voids. Centerlineshrinkage is located primarily in the center of the material cross section with a tendency to orient toward gates or risers. It is morecommon in thickness over 14 in. (6.35 mm).5.1.2.3 Shrinkage cavityAppear
37、s as a dark void with smooth sides taking an appearance very similar to a gas hole.Ashrinkagecavity, particularly in thicker wall sections, is usually larger than a single gas hole would be. The cavity is formed during thecooling process due to a lack of feeding metal. The cavity compensates for the
38、 rapid solidification taking place at the surface ofthe casting, thereby forming the cavity in the center area of the wall. Shrinkage cavity has a definite tendency to occur near hotspots where walls are 12 in. (12.7 mm) thick or more.5.1.3 Less dense inclusionsAppear as dark indications in a variet
39、y of shapes and sizes on a radiograph. Inclusions may befound in groups or appear singularly. Less dense inclusions can be caused by contaminants in the molten titanium, residualmaterials left on the surface of the mold, or broken pieces of the mold becoming entrapped during solidification.5.1.4 Mor
40、e dense inclusionsAppear as light indications in a variety of shapes and sizes on a radiograph. More dense inclusionscan be caused by contaminants introduced in the same manner as less dense inclusions, or tungsten introduced during weld repairs.6. Method of Preparation6.1 The original radiographs u
41、sed to prepare the adjunct reference radiographs were produced on high contrast, fine grainedfilm. The radiographs were made with a penetrameter sensitivity as determined by ASTM penetrameters (see Guide E94) of 2-2T.The reproductions of the original radiographs have been made with a desired density
42、 within the range of 2.0 to 2.25. They haveretained substantially the contrast of the original radiographs.6.2 In selecting the individual reference radiographs, the aim was to obtain a graduated series for each type of discontinuity.It is not intended that like numbered levels or classes on the dif
43、ferent reference radiograph pages be considered to cause equaldegradation in the ultimate performance, or serviceability, or both, of any particular casting.6.2.1 The criteria used to select the individual radiographs representing each severity level were based on the size, shape,spacing, alignment,
44、 and radiographic density of the discontinuities present.6.3 In some cases, plates other than the thickness indicated on the reference radiographs were utilized to complete individualseverity levels.6.4 For the discontinuity classifications of gas hole, less dense inclusions, and more dense inclusio
45、ns, only one series of eightgradations is displayed for each. These gradations are intended to be used over the entire thickness range applicable to the volume.Therefore, careful consideration should be taken when specifying allowable severity levels for the thicker wall sizes.6.5 Film Deterioration
46、Radiographic films are subject to wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the imagedeteriorates over time is a function of storage conditions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radiograph films are noexception and may exhibit a loss in image quality over time. The radiog
47、raphs should therefore be periodically examined for signsNOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.TABLE 2 VOLUME IIOver 1 in. to 2 in.Discontinuity Casting Process Alloy PlateThickness, in. Applicable CastingThickness, in.Gas hole Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 2Clustered gas holes Centrifugal ram gr
48、aphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 to 134 over 1 to 2Scattered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 112Scattered gas holes Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 134 over 112 to 2Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 112Shrinkage cavity Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL
49、 4V 134 over 112 to 2Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 114 over 1 to 112Centerline shrinkage Centrifugal ram graphite Ti 6AL 4V 134 over 112 to 2NOTE 11 in. = 25.4 mm.E1320 153of wear and tear, including scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth.Any reference radiographs which show signs of excessive wearand tear which could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs should be replaced.7. Basis for Application7.1 The reference radiographs may be applied as acceptance standards
