1、Designation: E1333 10Standard Test Method forDetermining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air andEmission Rates from Wood Products Using a LargeChamber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1333; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentra-tion in air and emission ra
3、te from wood products containingformaldehyde under conditions designed to simulate productuse (see 11.5 and Note 9). The concentration in air andemission rate is determined in a large chamber under specifictest conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Thegeneral procedures are also intended
4、for testing product com-binations at product-loading ratios and at air-exchange ratestypical of the indoor environment (1).2The products tested, theloading ratios and the air exchange rates employed are de-scribed in the test report.1.2 This test method determines the average formaldehydeconcentrati
5、on in air and emission rate from a number of largesize samples. The average concentration and emission ratereported, thus, will not provide information on higher or loweremitting panels in the test lot.1.3 This method is primarily used for testing newly manu-factured panel products that are shipped
6、for testing eitherseal-wrapped in polyethylene or with waster sheets, or withboth. When this test method is used for evaluating other thannewly manufactured panel products (after original application,installation or use), the method of packaging and shipping theproduct for testing shall be described
7、 in the test report.1.4 The quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample takenfrom the chamber is determined by an adaptation of theNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)chromotropic acid test procedure. If another analytical proce-dure is used to determine the quantity of forma
8、ldehyde in theair sample, that procedure shall give results of equivalent orgreater accuracy and precision than the adapted chromotropicacid procedure. Detailed procedures based on acetylacetone,pararosaniline (see Test Method D5221), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) (see Test Method D5197) and3-me
9、thyl-2-benzothiazoline (MBTH) (seeTest Method D5014)have been found to give results equivalent or greater inaccuracy and precision than chromotropic acid. The test reportshall note the analytical procedure employed.NOTE 13The chromotropic acid analytical procedure described in thistest method is app
10、licable for testing urea-formaldehyde bonded woodproducts. According to NIOSH (4th Edition, 8/15/94), the low end of theworking range for the chromotropic acid analytical procedure is 0.02 ppm.A more sensitive analytical procedure is recommended for testing woodpanel products where formaldehyde conc
11、entrations in air are anticipated tobe at or below this level. DNPH is recognized as such a method.1.5 This test method is used to determine compliance withrequirements such as those established for building materialsby the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development(HUD) Rules and Regulations,
12、 HUD 24 CFR 3280, for manu-factured housing and by Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495.Measurement results are also used for comparing concentra-tions in air and emission rates from different wood products (2)and for determining compliance with product standards.1.6 This test method is not designed f
13、or determining generalorganic emissions from all indoor materials and products.NOTE 2ASTM Committee D22 has developed Guide D5116 whichdescribes small-scale environmental equipment and techniques suitablefor determining organic emissions and emission rates from materials andproducts used indoors.1.7
14、 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, assoc
15、iated with its use. It is the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 200
16、4 as E1333 96 (2002).DOI: 10.1520/E1333-10.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.3The notes appearing in this test method are not part of the mandatory sectionsof this standard, are informative in nature, and appear below that section of thesta
17、ndard to which they pertain.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations
18、prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D3195 Practice for Rotameter CalibrationD5014 Test Method for Measurement of Formaldehyde inIndoor Air (Passive Sampler Methodology)5D5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-terminations
19、 of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehydeand Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active SamplerMethodology)D5221 Test Method for Continuous Measurement of Form-aldehyde in AirE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE2
20、20 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison TechniquesE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)E741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a SingleZone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution2.2 HUD Document:6HUD 2
21、4 CFR 3280 Manufactured Home Construction andSafety Standards, 24, CFR 3280, Federal Register, Vol 49,No. 155, August 8, 19842.3 NIOSH Document:6NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, Method No. 3500,Fourth Edition, 19942.4 ANSI Standards:7HPVA/ANSI HP-12004 Hardwood and Decorative Ply-woodANSI A208.12
22、009 ParticleboardANSI A208.22009 Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)for Interior Applications2.5 Other Document:8Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495 325F.18 and 325F.181,Formaldehyde Gases in Building Materials, 19863. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 air change ratethe
23、 ratio of hourly conditioned andfiltered outside air brought into the chamber, and chambervolume measured in identical volume units (normally ex-pressed in air changes per hour, AC/h).3.1.2 emission rateformaldehyde emissions per area ofexposed surface of tested product in the large chamber per time
24、duration of air sample, normally expressed in mg/(m2h).3.1.3 loading ratiothe total exposed surface area (notincluding panel edges) of each product divided by the testchamber volume.4. Significance and Summary of Test Method4.1 Significance and Use:4.1.1 Limitations on formaldehyde concentrations in
25、 airhave been established for some building products permanentlyinstalled in manufactured and conventional homes. This testmethod provides a standard means of testing typical productsizes, such as 1.2 by 2.4 m (4 by 8 ft) sheets, at productloadings consistent with product end use.4.2 Summary of Test
26、 Method:4.2.1 This test method incorporates a chamber of 22 m3(800 ft3) minimum size to evaluate formaldehyde concentra-tions in air and emission rates from building products over aspecified duration of time. This test method employs a singleset of environmental conditions but different product load
27、ingratios to assess formaldehyde concentrations in air and emis-sion rates from certain wood products. Conditions controlled inthe procedure are as follows:4.2.1.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,4.2.1.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the testchamber,4.2.1.3 Test chamber tempera
28、ture and relative humidity,4.2.1.4 Number of air changes per hour, and4.2.1.5 Air circulation within the chamber.4.2.1.6 At the end of a 16 to 20-h period in the test chamber,the air is sampled and the concentration of formaldehyde in airand emission rate are determined.NOTE 3Care must be exercised
29、in the extension of the results toformaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from productsunder different conditions of air change rate or loading ratio, or both.5. Interferences5.1 The NIOSH analytical method lists phenols as a nega-tive interference when present at an 8:1 excess over fo
30、rmalde-hyde. Modification in the analytical procedure shall be madewhen relatively high phenol formaldehyde concentrations (8:1)are anticipated (3, 4).6. Apparatus6.1 Test Chamber:6.1.1 The interior volume of the chamber shall be a mini-mum of 22 m3(800 ft3). The interior of the test chamber shallbe
31、 free of refrigeration coils that condense water and itemssuch as humidifiers with water reservoirs as condensate willhave the potential of collecting formaldehyde and thus influ-encing test results.The interior surfaces of the chamber shall be4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
32、www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.6Available from U.S. G
33、overnment Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.7Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.8Available from Print Communicat
34、ions, Dept. ofAdministration, 117 UniversityAve., St. Paul, MN 55155.E1333 102of materials found to minimize adsorption. (Stainless steel,aluminum, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have producedrecoveries of $95 % at a 0.4 ppm formaldehyde challengeconcentration in air and have been found appropri
35、ate aschamber lining materials.) All joints except for doors used forloading and unloading specimens shall be sealed. Doors shallbe self-sealing. The test chamber shall be equipped with metalspecimen racks with dividers spaced a minimum of 150 mm(6 in.) to support specimens on edge.6.1.2 Make-Up Air
36、:6.1.2.1 The make-up air shall come from a filtered dust-freeenvironment and not contain more formaldehyde than iscapable of being measured considering the sensitivity of theanalytical procedure using the sampling rate and volume of airas described in 10.2. This shall be accomplished by passingmake-
37、up air through a filter bed of activated carbon, activatedalumina impregnated with potassium permanganate, or othermaterials capable of absorbing, adsorbing, or oxidizing form-aldehyde.6.1.2.2 Make-up air for the chamber must pass through acalibrated, totalizing dry gas test meter or other airflow r
38、atemeasuring device permanently placed in the chamber air intakeduct with calibration traceable to the National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST). It is also acceptable tocalibrate the airflow rate measuring device, as installed, usinga tracer gas technique described in Test Method E741. A
39、irchange rate per hour (AC/h) is calculated as (V2 V1) 4 (t 0) 3 chamber volume); where V2and V1are dry-gas test-meterreadings in cubic metres at time, t (in hours), and time 0divided by the chamber volume in cubic metres. The air-intakeport and exhaust port shall be on different walls of the chambe
40、rand at different elevations. The chamber test shall be operatedat a positive pressure of 1 Pa (0.004 in. of water) or greater asdetermined by a permanently mounted differential pressuredevice.6.1.3 Nonsparking Fan Sizing and PositioningAnonspar-king fan shall be used to circulate air within the cha
41、mber. Theair flow shall be directed horizontally in the direction of thechamber length above where the test samples are to be placedin the chamber.The fan shall be sized and positioned to achievea uniform concentration in air of formaldehyde (within0.03 ppm) as determined from a minimum of six air s
42、amplinglocations. These locations shall be at three elevations, 0.3 m(12 in.) from the chamber floor and ceiling, and at a heightbetween 1.3 and 1.5 m (51 and 59 in.); and at two verticalplacements, one-third the chamber length from each end of thechamber and at chamber mid-width.6.1.4 Air Sampling
43、PortsFor testing, at least two air-sampling ports shall be used, located at equal distance alongthe chamber length at an elevation between 1.3 and 1.5 m (51and 59 in.) and shall be placed at least 0.6 m (24 in.) from anyinterior wall. The sampling lines shall be of materials found tominimize adsorpt
44、ion such as stainless steel, PTFE and alumi-num, securely fixed to supports during the test, and shall be asshort as possible. The length of the sampling line outside thechamber shall not exceed 6 m (20 ft).6.2 Examples of acceptable reagents, materials, and equip-ment are provided in Appendix X1.7.
45、 Hazards7.1 Chromotropic Acid Reagent Treatment (see 10.3.4 andA4.5)During this hazardous operation, the operator shallwear rubber gloves, apron, and a full face mask or be protectedfrom splashing by a transparent shield such as a hood window.The solution becomes extremely hot during addition of sul
46、furicacid. Add acid slowly to avoid loss of sample due to splatter-ing.7.2 Cleaning Chemicals for GlasswareAppropriate pre-cautions shall be taken if cleaning chemicals are considered tobe hazardous.8. Test Specimens8.1 Standard Face and Back Configuration Testing:8.1.1 Loading is defined as the tot
47、al exposed specimensurface area, exclusive of edge area, divided by the chambervolume (on effect of loading refer to Ref (5). If the edgeexposure is greater than 5 % of the surface area, include thetotal edge-exposure area in the calculation of surface-exposurearea. Loading ratios used for testing w
48、ood panel productscontaining formaldehyde are as follows:Loading Ratios, 62%(m2/m3) (ft2/ft3) Product0.95 0.29 Hardwood Plywood Wall Paneling0.43 0.13 Particleboard Flooring MaterialsIndustrial Particleboard PanelsIndustrial Hardwood Plywood Panels0.26 0.08 Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)0.13 0.04 L
49、ow Density Particleboard Door Core GradeNOTE 4Panel grades are defined in the ANSI standards referenced in2.4.NOTE 5See Appendix X3 for a discussion of loading ratios.8.2 Non-Standard Sample Configuration Testing:8.2.1 Testing Products with Single Surface ExposedSomeproducts have significantly different formaldehyde releasecharacteristics for each surface and have only one surfaceexposed to the indoor living space.9In those cases, panels shallbe tested back-to-back with edges taped together. The panelsshall be identified as tested in the back-to-back mode.8.2.
