1、Designation: E 1338 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Guide forIdentification of Metals and Alloys in Computerized MaterialProperty Databases1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1338; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the identification of metals and alloysin computerized material property
3、databases. It establishesessential and desirable data elements that serve to uniquelyidentify and describe a particular metal or alloy sample as wellas properties that identify a given metal or alloy in general.1.1.1 This guide does not necessarily provide sufficient dataelements to describe weld me
4、tal, metal matrix composites, orjoined metals.21.1.2 The data element identified herein are not all germaneto every metal or alloy group.1.1.3 Different sets of data elements may also be appliedwithin a given metal or alloy group depending on conditions orapplications specific to that metal or alloy
5、 group. Further,within a particular metal or alloy group, different sets of dataelements may be used to identify specific material conditions.1.1.4 Table 1 on Recommended Data Elements and Tables2-17 on values for specific data elements appear at the end ofthis guide.1.2 Some of the data elements in
6、 this guide may be usefulfor other purposes. However, this guide does not attempt todocument the essential and desirable data element for anypurpose except for the identification of metals and alloys incomputerized material property databases. Other purposes,such as material production, material pro
7、curement, and mate-rial processing, each may have different material data reportingrequirements distinct from those covered in this guide. Aspecific example is the contractually required report for amaterial property testing series. Such a report may not containall the data elements considered essen
8、tial for a specificcomputerized database; conversely, this guide may not containall the data elements considered essential for a contracted testreport.1.3 Results from material tests conducted as part of theprocurement process are often used to determine adherence toa specification. While this guide
9、 includes a number of testresult data elements, such data elements are included in thisguide only for the purposes of material identification.1.4 Reporting of contracted test results, such as certificationtest results, shall follow the requirements described in thematerial specification, or as agree
10、d upon between the purchaserand the manufacturer.1.5 This guide contains a limited number of data elementsrelated to material test results. These data elements are formaterial identification purposes and are not intended to replacethe more detailed sets of data elements listed in guides such asGuide
11、 E 1313 covering data recording formats for mechanicaltesting of metals. For material identification purposes, the dataelements in this guide include typical, nominal, or summaryproperties normally derived from a population of individualspecimen tests. If warranted by the scope of a particulardataba
12、se system, the system might provide links between thematerial identification data elements given in this guide, andthe individual specimen test results recorded in accordancewith other guides corresponding to particular test methods.1.6 Material ClassesSee ANSI/AWS A9.1-92 for arcwelds, Guide E 1308
13、 for polymers, Guide E 1309 for compos-ite material, and Guide E 1471 for fibers, fillers, and corematerials. ASTM Committee E49 is developing guides forother material classes.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials2E 8M Test Methods for T
14、ension Testing of Metallic Mate-rials Metric2E 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI) the Modernized Metric System3E 527 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS)4E 616 Terminology Relating to Fracture Testing5E 1308 Guide for Identification of Polymers (ExcludesThermoset
15、 Elastomers) in Computerized Material PropertyDatabases61This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic andInorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.01 onAncillary Activities. This guide was developed in cooperation with Committee B07on Light Met
16、als and Alloys.Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2003. Published Sept. 2003. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 1338 97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.3Discontinued; see 1996 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol
17、 01.01.5Discontinued; see 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.6Discontinued; see 1999 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 1309 Guide for Identification of Composite Mat
18、erials inFiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Databases7E 1313 Guide for Recommended Formats for Data RecordsUsed in Computerization of Mechanical Test Data forMetals6E 1443 Terminology Relating to Building and AccessingMaterial and Chemical Databases6E 1471 Guide for the Identification of Fibers, Filler
19、s, andCore Materials in Computerized Material Property Data-bases72.2 Other Standards:ISO Standard: 3166 Codes for Representation of Names ofCountries Quantities, Units and Symbols in PhysicalChemistryIUPAC8ANSI/AWS A9.1-92 Standard Guide for Describing ArcWelds in Computerized Material Property and
20、 Nonde-structive Examination Databases93. Terminology3.1 Computer-related technical terms in this guide aredefined in Terminology E 1443.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide describes the types of information that areindispensable for uniquely identifying a metal or alloy in acomputerized database.
21、 The purpose is to facilitate standard-ized storage and retrieval of the information with a computer,and allow meaningful comparison of data from differentsources.4.2 Many numbering systems for metals and alloys havebeen developed which are based on their chemical composi-tions. Separate systems hav
22、e also evolved to describe thethermomechanical condition of metals and alloys in order tonarrow their description. It is the separation into logical dataelements from these complex, historically significant, andoverlapping systems of identification that is the challenge inthe identification of metal
23、s and alloys within computerizeddatabases.4.3 This guide is intended to provide a common startingpoint for designers and builders of materials property data-bases. This guide generally identifies the contents of thedatabase in terms of data elements, but does not recommendany particular logical or p
24、hysical database design. A databasebuilder has considerable flexibility in designing a databaseschema, and it is intended that this guide support that flexibil-ity.4.4 It is recognized that material property databases will bedesigned for different levels of material information and fordifferent purp
25、oses. For example, a database developed by anindustry trade group might only identify typical propertiesgenerally representative of those for a particular metal or alloy,and not actual values measured on a specific sample. On theother hand, a business might desire to manage data on specificlots it p
26、rocures, or even properties of a specific piece or samplefrom a lot. Consequently, some of the data elements identifiedin this guide might not be applicable in every databaseinstance.4.5 The extent of material identification implemented in aparticular database depends on its specific purpose. A sing
27、leorganization may include substantial detail in its database. Lessdetail may be included in a common database used by severalorganizations because of commercial and other considerations.Since metals and alloys are diverse and the technologies arealways changing, recommendations should not be regard
28、ed asexclusive of additional data elements for material identifica-tion. The recommended data elements should be expanded ifadditional detailed information which serves to identify mate-rials is to be recorded.4.6 A number of data elements are considered essential toany database and need to exist in
29、 the database. Data elementsare considered essential if they are required for users to havesufficient information to interpret the data and be confident oftheir ability to compare sets of data for materials from differentsources. Failure to complete an essential data element mayrender the record unu
30、sable in a database or in data exchange.Essential refers to the quality or completeness of recorded data,and does not necessarily have direct meaning relative todatabase structure. In some cases, the identified data elementmight be accommodated within a particular database withoutexplicitly includin
31、g a field just for the essential data element.Additionally, a database schema may require additional datafields to be not null to maintain data record integrity or toimplement a mandatory data relationship. These additionalfields are beyond the scope of this guide. Finally, it is alsonoted that a da
32、ta element identified as essential in this guidemight not be relevant for a database created for a specificapplication of limited scope.4.7 This guide presents a listing of the data elements anddoes not intend to define any single organization of the dataelements to be used in either a logical or ph
33、ysical model for thedatabase. The data element lists are divided by group headingsfor discussion purposes only. The group headings are notintended to identify normalization of the database model; thisis left to the database designer.4.8 Numerous data elements listed in this guide may need tobe repea
34、ted to identify even a single material. Depending onthe database purpose or design, it may be appropriate to designthe database to enable additional repeatable data elements.How the database should accommodate multiple values for agiven data element is another question left to the databasedesigner.5
35、. Guidelines5.1 The data elements recommended for material identifi-cation are listed in Table 1. Descriptions of each data elementare provided in Section 6. Table 1 includes: (1) a data elementnumber, (2) a descriptive name for each data element, (3) datatype, and (4) category sets, value sets, or
36、units.5.1.1 Data Element NumberA reference number for easeof dealing with the individual data elements within this guide.The data element number has no permanent value and does notbecome part of the database itself.7Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.8Available from International Organization
37、for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.9Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.E 1338 97 (2003)25.1.2 Descriptive Data Element NameThe complete andunambiguous name, descriptive of
38、the data element beingidentified.5.1.3 Data TypeThe kind of data to be included in the dataelement, such as the type of number, character string, and date.5.1.3.1 StringTextual data element.5.1.3.2 RealAny rational, irrational, and scientific realnumber.5.1.3.3 IntegerAn integral number.5.1.3.4 Date
39、The calendar date in the Gregorian calendarin the YYYY-MM-DD format.5.1.4 Category Set, Value Set, or UnitsA listing of thetypes of information that would be included in the data elementor, in the case of properties or other numeric data, the units inwhich the numbers are expressed. Candidate values
40、 for bothcategory and value sets are frequently given in separate tablesin this guide. The database implementation should providesome means of maintaining these lists of allowable values andpresenting them to the database user. The distinction betweencategory and value sets identified below primaril
41、y relates to thedegree of control over additions to these lists of values.5.1.4.1 A category set is a closed set listing all possible (oracceptable) values the data element may take. Because thisguide is intended to apply to databases with different scopesand purposes, values listed in sample tables
42、 in this guide aregenerally not identified as category sets, but it may beappropriate to treat them as such in a particular databaseapplication. The database application should control or restrictthe addition of a new value to a category set.5.1.4.2 A value set is a representative set listing sample
43、, butnot necessarily all acceptable values the data element may take.In this case, the database application generally should providesome means for a new value to be added to the value setmaintained by the database system.5.1.4.3 The units listed are SI, in accordance with PracticeE 380, followed by
44、inch-pound units in parentheses. Althoughboth sets of units are listed in this guide, it is left to thedatabase designer to decide whether a single data unit systemwill be used to store values for a given data element or whetherthe database design will support storage of data in mixed unitswith nece
45、ssary tracking of units for each data element entry.Data elements for tracking units are generally not identified inthis guide.5.2 This guide does not provide specific recommendationsrelative to either the logical or the physical design of thedatabase for storing material property data. Accordingly,
46、 inter-nal data element associated only with a particular databasemodel, such as index fields or fields containing counts ofrepeating data, are not provided since their existence will varydepending on the particular database design.5.3 The value sets and category sets identified in this guideare to
47、be used for the identification of any type of metal oralloy. Aluminum, copper, and steels are three specific types ofmaterial which are identified in this guide to serve as examplesand because there has been specific interest in providingguidelines for these common metal families. For some of thelis
48、ts of values, candidate values are identified and associatedwith one of these types of metal.5.4 Data elements are provided for characterization of amaterials microstructure in terms of grain size measurementsand description of its microstructure, including microstructureclassification. Additional d
49、ata elements should be added forother aspects of metallographic characterization if judged bythe database designer to be appropriate for a particular system.Examples of additional items that should be considered foraddition are the following: distribution of elements to grainboundaries, presence of voids or inclusions, phase content, andX-ray diffraction measurements. Images are often an importantpart of the record of materials characterization and should bemade available to the user of the database if appropriate for aparticular system. Although this guide does not recom
