1、Designation: E1349 06 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forReflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry UsingBidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1349; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurementof the reflection prop
3、erties and color of object-color specimensby use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with abidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular,circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, flat object-color specim
4、en. It is especially recom-mended for measuring retroreflective specimens and specimensof intermediate gloss.1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescentobject color are given in Practice E991 and Practice E2153.1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color usingfilter colorimet
5、ers are contained in Test Method E1347 and thisstandard does not address those instruments.1.5 . This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health prac
6、tices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasuremen
7、t of Reflection and Transmission Propertiesof MaterialsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Usingthe CIE SystemE694 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Appa-ratusE805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods ofColor or Color-Differen
8、ce Measurement of MaterialsE991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-mens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability ofColor Measurement by Use of Multiple Measureme
9、ntsE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterialsE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent Colo
10、rE2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Perfor-mance of Color-Measuring Instruments3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions contained in Guide E179, TerminologyE284, Practice E1164, Practice E1767, and Practice E2214 areapplicable to this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1
11、This test method provides a procedure for measuring thereflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens byusing a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter equipped witha bidirectional optical measuring system.4.2 When the specimens exhibit directionality, and an in-strument with uniplanar geo
12、metry is used, information ondirectionality may be obtained by measuring the specimens atmore than one rotation angle, typically at two angles 90 apartas described in Practice E1345. When such information is notrequired, these measurements may be averaged, or an instru-ment with annular or circumfer
13、ential geometry may be used.However, even with annular or circumferential influx or effluxoptics, some of the variability induced by specimen opticalsystem interactions may remain and the application of themethods in Practice E1345 may help to further reduce thosemeasurement errors.1This test method
14、 is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Colorand Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 onSpectrophotometry and Colorimetry.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E13
15、49 06. DOI:10.1520/E1349-06R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International,
16、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3 This test method includes procedures for standardizingthe instrument or verifying its standardization, and for select-ing specimens suitable for precision measurement.4.4 Most modern spectrometers have the capaci
17、ty to com-pute the color coordinates of the specimen immediately fol-lowing the measurement. When this is the case, the user mustpreselect the color system, observer, and illuminant (seePractice E308, Procedure section).5. Significance and Use5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtainingt
18、he color coordinates of object colors are by instrumentalmeasurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeterswith either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuringsystems. This test method provides procedures for such mea-surement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or45:0)
19、 optical measuring system. The method for color andcolor difference measurement using filter colorimeters is con-tained in Test Method E1347.5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurementof the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (seealso Guide E179 and Practice E805):5.
20、2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for colorassessment.5.2.2 Object-color specimens with physically flat, smoothsurfaces from which to obtain data for use in computer colorantformulation.5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.NOTE 1To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement ofspecim
21、ens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflectivespecimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in PracticeE1164, Influx and Efflux Conditions, 45:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45(0:45) Reflectance Factor section, may be required for the instrumentangles of illumination an
22、d viewing. Information on the required tolerancesis being developed.5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurementof specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment, forwhich the use of hemispherical measurement geometry, as withan integrating-sphere type instrument, is preferable (
23、see GuideE179).6. Apparatus6.1 Spectrophotometer or Spectrocolorimeter, designed forthe measurement of color coordinates of reflecting specimensby use of 45:0 or 0:45 geometry with annular, circumferential,or uniplanar illumination or viewing.6.2 Standardization Materials, either supplied by the ins
24、tru-ment manufacturer or obtained separately, as follows: (SeePractice E1164, Standardization and Materials Standards sec-tion.)6.2.1 White Standard of Bidirectional Reflectance Factor(mandatory)(A standard of hemispherical reflectance factoris not suitable and should not be used.)6.2.2 Standardizat
25、ion Materials, (1) for setting or verifyingzero on the reflectance scale; (2) for verifying the wavelengthscale; and (3) for evaluating stray light (optional).6.2.3 Verification Standards (recommended)(See PracticeE1164, Standardization and Material Standards, System Veri-fication section.)NOTE 2If
26、retroreflective specimens are to be measured, the set ofverification standards should include appropriate retroreflective productstandards.7. Test Specimen7.1 For highest precision and accuracy, select specimenswith the following properties:7.1.1 High material uniformity and freedom from blemishesin
27、 the area to be measured.7.1.2 Opaque specimens that have at least one plane surface;translucent specimens that have two essentially plane andparallel surfaces and that have a standard thickness, when oneis specified (see Practice E1164, Test Specimens section).7.2 If specimens exhibit directionalit
28、y, use appropriate pro-cedures (see 9.7) and calculations (see 10.1.1, Practice E1164,Test Specimens section, and Practice E1345).8. Standardization and Verification8.1 Standardize or verify the calibration of the following:(See Practice E1164, Standardization and Material Standardssection.)8.1.1 Ze
29、ro setting of the reflectance scale (mandatory),8.1.2 Wavelength scale (recommended), and8.1.3 Stray-light level (optional).8.2 Standardize the full-scale value of the reflectance scaleof the instrument by use of the white reflectance standard(mandatory). Follow the instrument manufacturers instruc-
30、tions.8.3 Verify the accuracy of the instrumental data by measure-ment of a series of verification standards (recommended). (SeePractice E1164, Standardization and Material Standards sec-tion.)9. Procedure9.1 When required, select the color scales, observer, andilluminant for the computation of colo
31、r coordinates (seePractice E308, Procedure section).9.2 Select other options, such as wavelength range andinterval, when required. Follow instrument manufacturersinstructions or specified procedures.9.3 If the specimen is translucent, select specified black orwhite backing material. (See Practice E1
32、164, Test Specimenssection, for further instructions on measuring translucent speci-mens.)9.4 Handle the specimen carefully; avoid touching the areato be measured. When necessary, clean the specimen by usingan agreed procedure.9.5 Place the specimen, with backing material whenrequired, against the m
33、easurement port of the instrument.9.6 Measure the specimen, following the instrument manu-facturers instructions.9.7 If the specimen exhibits directionality and the instru-ment has uniplanar geometry, measure the specimen at twoE1349 06 (2013)2rotation angles 90 apart (see also Practice E1345), usua
34、llyparallel and perpendicular to the machine or processingdirection, or use another specified procedure.9.8 Transcribe the data required for the report, when notprinted by the instrument.10. Calculation10.1 Perform any desired calculations of color coordinatesthat are not made automatically by the i
35、nstrument (see PracticeD2244 and Practice E308).10.1.1 When specimens exhibiting directionality are mea-sured at two or more rotation angles with instruments usinguniplanar geometry, average the instrumental data at all rota-tion angles measured if information on directionality is notrequired.11. Re
36、port11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Specimen description (see Practice E1164, Reportsection), and11.1.2 Date of measurement.11.1.3 Instrument measuring geometry:11.1.3.1 45:0 or 0:45 illuminating and viewinggeometry,11.1.3.2 Annular, circumferential, or uniplanar geometry,and11.1.3.3 Nu
37、mber and angular distribution of multiple illu-mination or viewing beams.11.1.4 Instrument parameters as selected in 9.1-9.3, and11.1.5 Measurement results, in the form of tables of reflec-tance factor versus wavelength or color-scale values.11.1.5.1 For specimens exhibiting directionality measureda
38、t two or more rotation angles with instruments using uniplanargeometry, report individual measurements and correspondingspecimen orientations when information on directionality isrequired; or report the average measurements when suchinformation is not required.12. Precision and Bias312.1 Data for th
39、e precision and bias of this test method havebeen determined from a combination of laboratory readingsand data in the public domain. In general, the precision andbias for this test method are expected to be approximately thesame as those reported in Practice E1164.12.2 Laboratory test data came from
40、 16 instruments in 9different models, each used to collect 3 replicate readings of 12ceramic color standards. The results of the analysis can beobtained from ASTM International headquarters. Table 1 givesthe repeatability and reproducibility of the 12 colors.12.3 Bias was determined by comparing the
41、 576 readings tothe values supplied for this set of materials by the NationalPhysical Laboratory, Tedding, United Kindgom. For thesecolors the root-mean-square bias for L* is 0.28, for a* is 0.52,and for b* is 0.65. This translates into an RMS CIELAB colordifference of about 0.8 units. Expected bias
42、 should be less thanor equal to this quantity.12.4 Based on the data reported in 12.1-12.3, the followingconclusions can be drawn. First, the precision and bias of colormeasurement is not independent of the color of the material.Within that constraint, a conservative statement of precision is:The re
43、peatability standard deviation has been determined to be0.4 L* units, 0.3 a* units and 0.6 b* units. The reproducibilitystandard deviation has been determined to be 1.1 L* units, 1.3a* units and 1.7 b* units. Using these 95 % limits as theexpected ranges of the difference in color between any twodet
44、erminations a further statement can be concerning theprecision of 0:45 spectrocolorimetry. The repeatability oftwo determinations should be considered suspect if the read-ings differ by morel than 0.8 CIELAB E*abunits. Similarlythe reproducibility of two determinations between two labs ortwo differe
45、nt instruments should be considered suspect if theydiffer by more than 2.4 CIELAB E*abunits.12.5 Reproducibility was determined by reviewing six re-ports from the Collaborative Reference Program. Reports 113,117, 119, 120, 121, and 122 were selected. In these studies setsof three painted papers are
46、distributed to participants. The colorof the papers are measured and reported. The report separatesparticipants by instrument geometry. The portion of the studyreturning measurement data for 45:0 geometry was extracted.Only laboratories that were considered by the CRP to berepresentative of the popu
47、lation were included. There werebetween 50 and 52 laboratories included for each report. Sixstudies with three colors each were analyzed using the multi-variate statistical methods detailed in Practice E2214. Plots of3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtai
48、ned by requesting Research Report RR:E12-1001.TABLE 1 E694 Compatible Precision ResultsL* a* b*Color Grand Mean r R Grand Mean r R Grand Mean r RA 82.60 0.41 0.60 -0.21 0.10 0.19 -0.38 0.09 0.48B 55.79 0.23 0.33 -0.21 0.08 0.13 -0.44 0.09 0.34C 56.02 0.24 0.49 -2.48 0.08 0.14 1.79 0.08 0.37D 26.24 0
49、.26 0.40 -0.30 0.22 0.24 0.54 0.18 0.28E 40.49 0.18 0.58 30.32 0.19 0.36 5.30 0.20 0.85F 34.87 0.23 1.07 56.32 0.26 0.61 42.32 0.55 1.73G 65.84 0.38 1.07 40.54 0.26 1.31 64.87 0.36 1.31H 84.08 0.21 1.04 -4.53 0.20 0.86 86.70 0.24 1.43I 50.97 0.28 0.42 -34.70 0.25 1.00 14.19 0.15 1.03J 51.44 0.36 0.46 -34.99 0.27 1.00 17.35 0.13 1.11K 49.48 0.22 0.46 -12.71 0.15 1.08 -33.52 0.15 0.79L 8.66 0.21 0.68 25.25 0.62 1.49 -35.35 0.43 1.24E1349 06 (2013)3the probability contours and CIE 94 color tolerances areincluded in the Appendix. Table 2 gives the approximat
