1、Designation: E 1354 08aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forHeat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials andProducts Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1354; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for meas
3、uringthe response of materials exposed to controlled levels ofradiant heating with or without an external ignitor.1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability,heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion,and visible smoke development of materials and products.1.3 T
4、he rate of heat release is determined by measurementof the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygenconcentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream.The effective heat of combustion is determined from a con-comitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combi-nation with the h
5、eat release rate. Smoke development ismeasured by obscuration of light by the combustion productstream.1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to heating fluxes in therange of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shallbe by electric spark. The value of the heating flux and the useof external ignitio
6、n are to be as specified in the relevantmaterial or performance standard (see X1.2). The normalspecimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent ofwhether the end-use application involves a horizontal or avertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions forvertical orientation test
7、ing; this is used for exploratory ordiagnostic studies only.1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of timefrom initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.1.6 This test method has been developed for use for materialand product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design pur-poses, or devel
8、opment and research. Examples of materialspecimens include portions of an end-use product or thevarious components used in the end-use product.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard is used to meas
9、ure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.9 This standard does
10、not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Se
11、ction 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid Materi
12、alsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethod2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 5657-1986(E) Fire Testsreaction to fireignitabilityof building materi
13、als3ISO 5725 Precision of test methodsdetermination of re-peatability and reproducibility for a standard test methodby inter-laboratory tests33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E 176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1
14、This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2008. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2008
15、 as E 1354 - 08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards I
16、nstitute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1 effective heat of combustion, nthe measured heatrelease divided by the mass loss for a specified time period.3.2.2 he
17、ating flux, nthe incident flux imposed externallyfrom the heater on the specimen at the initiation of the test.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe specimen, once ignited, is alsoheated by its own flame.3.2.3 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from thespecimen, per unit of time.3.2.4 ignitability, nthe propensit
18、y to ignition, as measuredby the time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specifiedheating flux.3.2.5 net heat of combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see TestMethod D 5865) value for the heat of combustion, correctedfor gaseous state of product water.3.2.6 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed f
19、ace ofthe specimen is located during testing, either vertical orhorizontal facing up.3.2.7 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression ofthe relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.2.8 smoke obscuration, nreduction of light transmissionby smoke, as
20、 measured by light attenuation.3.2.9 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or overmost of the specimen surface for periods of at least 4 s.3.2.9.1 DiscussionFlaming of less than 4 s duration isidentified as flashing or transitory flaming.3.3 Symbols:As= nominal specimen exposed surface area, 0.0
21、1 m2.C = calibration constant for oxygen consumptionanalysis, m1/2kg1/2 K1/2.Dhc= net heat of combustion, kJ/kg.Dhc,eff= effective heat of combustion, kJ/kg.I = actual beam intensity.Io= beam intensity with no smoke.k = smoke extinction coefficient, m1.L = extinction beam path length, m.m = specimen
22、 mass, kg.mf= final specimen mass, kg.mi= initial specimen mass, kg.m = specimen mass loss rate, kg/s.DP = orifice meter pressure differential, Pa.q9tot= total heat released, kJ/m2(Note that kJ kWs).q = heat release rate, kW.q9 = heat release rate per unit area, kW/m2.q9max= maximum heat release rat
23、e per unit area (kW/m2).q9180= average heat release rate, per unit area, over thetime period starting at tigand ending 180 s later(kW/m2).r = repeatability (the units are the same as for thevariable being characterized).R = reproducibility (the units are the same as for thevariable being characteriz
24、ed).ro= stoichiometric oxygen/fuel mass ratio ().sr= sample-based standard deviation estimate for re-peatability (same units as r).sR= sample-based standard deviation estimate for re-producibility (same units as R).t = time, s.td= oxygen analyzer delay time, s.tig= time to sustained flaming (s).r =
25、density (kg/m3).Dt = sampling time interval, s.Te= absolute temperature of gas at the orifice meter,K.V= volume exhaust flow rate, measured at the loca-tion of the laser photometer, m3/s.XO2= oxygen analyzer reading, mole fraction O2().XO20= initial value of oxygen analyzer reading ().XO21= oxygen a
26、nalyzer reading, before delay time cor-rection ().sf= specific extinction area, for smoke, m2/kg.sr= repeatability standard deviation (same units as r).sR= reproducibility standard deviation (same units asR).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation (1)4that,generally
27、, the net heat of combustion is directly related to theamount of oxygen required for combustion. The relationship isthat approximately 13.1 3 103kJ of heat are released per 1 kgof oxygen consumed. Specimens in the test are burned inambient air conditions, while being subjected to a predeter-mined ex
28、ternal heat flux, which can be set from 0 to 100kW/m2. Burning may be either with or without a spark ignition.The primary measurements are oxygen concentrations andexhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements include themass-loss rate of the specimen, the time to sustained flamingand smoke obscura
29、tion, or as required in the relevant materialor performance standard.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heatevolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of thetest material. Also included is a determination of the effectiveheat of combustion, m
30、ass loss rate, the time to sustainedflaming, and smoke production. These properties are deter-mined on small size specimens that are representative of thosein the intended end use.5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories ofproducts and is not limited to representing a single firescen
31、ario.Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 andX1.11.5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use productsthat do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.6. Apparatus6.1 General:6.1.1 All dimensions given in the figures that are followedby an asterisk are mandatory, and
32、 shall be followed withinnominal tolerances of 61 mm, unless otherwise specified.Particularly critical dimensions are followed by an asterisk inFigs. 1-12.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.E 1354 08a26.1.2 The test apparatus5shall cons
33、ist essentially of thefollowing components: a conical radiant electric heater, ca-pable of horizontal or vertical orientation; specimen holders,different for the two orientations; an exhaust gas system withoxygen monitoring and flow measuring instrumentation; anelectric ignition spark plug; a data c
34、ollection and analysissystem; and a load cell for measuring specimen mass loss. Ageneral view of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1; a cross sectionthrough the heater in Fig. 2; and exploded views of horizontaland vertical orientations in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.6.1.3 Additional details describing features
35、and operation ofthe test apparatus are given in Ref (2).6.2 Conical Heater:6.2.1 The active element of the heater shall consist of anelectrical heater rod, rated at 5000 W at 240 V, tightly woundinto the shape of a truncated cone (Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). Theheater shall be encased on the outside with a
36、double-wallstainless steel cone, packed with a refractory fiber material ofapproximately 100 kg/m3density.6.2.2 The heater shall be hinged so it can be swung intoeither a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The heater shall becapable of producing irradiances on the surface of the speci-men of up t
37、o 100 kW/m2. The irradiance shall be uniformwithin the central 50 by 50-mm area of the specimen to within62 % in the horizontal orientation and to within 610 % in thevertical orientation. As the geometry of the heater is critical,the dimensions on Fig. 2 are mandatory.6.2.3 The irradiance from the h
38、eater shall be capable ofbeing held at a preset level by means of a temperaturecontroller and three type K stainless steel sheathed thermo-couples, symmetrically disposed and in contact with, but notwelded to, the heater element (see Fig. 2). The thermocouplesshall be of equal length and wired in pa
39、rallel to the temperature5A list of suppliers of this apparatus is available from ASTM Headquarters.NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres.NOTE 2* Indicates a critical dimension.FIG. 1 Overall View of ApparatusNOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres.NOTE 2* Indicates a critical dimension.FIG. 2 Cro
40、ss-Section View Through the HeaterFIG. 3 Exploded View, Horizontal OrientationE 1354 08a3controller. The standard thermocouples are sheathed, 1.5 and1.6 mm outside diameter, with an unexposed hot junction.Alternatively, either 3 mm outside diameter sheathed thermo-couples with an exposed hot junctio
41、n or 1 mm outside diametersheathed thermocouples with unexposed hot junction can beused.6.3 Temperature Controller:6.3.1 The temperature controller for the heater shall becapable of holding the element temperature steady to within62C. A suitable system is a 3-term controller (proportional,integral,
42、and derivative) and a thyristor unit capable of switch-ing currents up to 25 A at 240 V.6.3.2 The controller shall have a temperature input range of0 to 1000C; a set scale capable of being read to 2C or better;and automatic cold junction compensation. The controller shallbe equipped with a safety fe
43、ature such that in the event of anopen circuit in the thermocouple line, it will cause thetemperature to fall to near the bottom of its range.6.3.3 The thyristor unit shall be of the zero crossing and notof the phase angle type.6.3.4 The heater temperature shall be monitored by a metercapable of bei
44、ng read to 62C, or better. It shall be permittedto be incorporated into the temperature controller.6.4 Exhaust System:6.4.1 The exhaust-gas system shall consist of a high tem-perature centrifugal exhaust fan, a hood, intake and exhaustducts for the fan, and an orifice plate flowmeter (Fig. 5). Theex
45、haust system shall be capable of developing flows from0.012 to 0.035 m3/s.6.4.2 A restrictive orifice (57 mm inside diameter) shall belocated between the hood and the duct to promote mixing.6.4.3 A ring sampler shall be located in the fan intake ductfor gas sampling, 685 mm from the hood (Fig. 1). T
46、he ringsampler shall contain twelve holes to average the streamcomposition with the holes facing away from the flow to avoidsoot clogging.6.4.4 The temperature of the gas stream shall be measuredusing a 1.0 to 1.6 mm outside diameter sheathed-junctionthermocouple ora3mmoutside diameter exposed junct
47、ionthermocouple positioned in the exhaust stack on the centerlineand 100 mm upstream from the measuring orifice plate.6.4.5 The flow rate shall be determined by measuring thedifferential pressure across a sharp-edged orifice (57 mm insidediameter) in the exhaust stack, at least 350 mm downstreamfrom
48、 the fan when the latter is located as shown in Fig. 5.6.4.6 In other details, the geometry of the exhaust system isnot critical. Where necessary, small deviations from the rec-ommended dimensions given in Fig. 5 shall be permitted to bemade. The inner diameter of the duct and the orifice plates isn
49、ot a critical dimension.Also the fan does not need to be at theexact location as indicated on Fig. 5, but shall be permitted tobe further downstream, allowing for a more common type offan to be used. In this case, sufficient undisturbed inflowdistances to the gas sampling probe and the measuring orificeshall be provided for the flow to be uniformly mixed.6.5 Load CellThe general arrangement of the specimenholders on the load cell is indicated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Theload cell shall have an accuracy of 0.1 g, and shall have a totalweighing rang
