1、Designation:E135413E135414 AnAmerican National Standard Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation E1354; the number immediately following the designation indicat
2、es the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope 1.1 This re-test-response standard provides for
3、measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor. 1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development of materials and produ
4、cts. 1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the ow rate in the exhaust product stream.The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combination wi
5、th the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream. 1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat uxes in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m 2 . External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The value of the initial test heat ux
6、 and the use of external ignition are to be as specied in the relevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provi
7、sions for vertical orientation testing; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only. 1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained aming. 1.6 Thistestmethodhasbeendevelopedforuseformaterialandproductevaluations,mathematicalmodeling,des
8、ignpurposes, or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 Th
9、is standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and ame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for re hazard or re risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual re conditions
10、. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specic h
11、azard statements, see Section 7. 1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 D5865Test Method for Gross Caloric Value of Coal and Coke E176Terminology of Fire Stan
12、dards E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods E603Guide for Room Fire Experiments 1 ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFireStandardsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE05.21onSmokeandCombustion Products. Current edition approved April 1,
13、2013May 1, 2014. Published April 2013June 2014. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20112013 as E1354-11b.E1354-13. DOI: 10.1520/E1354-13.10.1520/E1354-14. 2 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatserviceastm.org.ForAnnual
14、BookofASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because it may not be techn
15、ically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
16、 Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States 1E662Test Method for Specic Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method E906Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Ma
17、terials and Products Using a Thermopile Method 2.2 ISO Standards: 3 ISO 5657-1986(E)Fire Testsreaction to reignitability of building materials ISO 5725-2 (1994)Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reprodu
18、cibility of a standard measurement method 3. Terminology 3.1 DenitionsFor denitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology E176. 3.2 Denitions of Terms Specic to This Standard: 3.2.1 effective heat of combustion, ntheamountofheatgeneratedperunitmasslostbyamaterial,productorassembly,
19、when exposed to specic re test conditions (contrast gross heat of combustion). 3.2.1.1 Discussion The effective heat of combustion depends on the test method and is determined by dividing the measured heat release by the mass loss during a specied period of time under the specied test conditions.Typ
20、ically, the specied re test conditions are provided by the specications of the re test standard that cites effective heat of combustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain re testconditions,involvingveryhighheatandhighoxygenconcentrationsunderhighpressure,theeffectiveheatofcombustionwill appro
21、ximate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the re test conditions will represent or approximate certain real re exposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is the appropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg. 3.2.2 gross heat of combustion, nthe maximum amount of heat per
22、 unit mass that theoretically can be released by the combustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can be determined experimentally and only under conditions of high pressure and in pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of combustion). 3.2.3 heat ux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area, pe
23、r unit time (see also initial test heat ux). 3.2.3.1 Discussion Theheatuxfromanenergysource,suchasaradiantheater,canbemeasuredattheinitiationofatest(suchasTestMethodE1354 orTest Method E906) and then reported as the incident heat ux, with the understanding that the burning of the test specimen can g
24、enerateadditionalheatuxtothespecimensurface.Theheatuxcanalsobemeasuredatanytimeduringaretest,forexample as described in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measurement devices responding to radiative and convective uxes.Typical units are kW/m 2 , kJ/(s m 2 ), W/cm 2 , or BTU/(s ft 2 ). 3.2.4 heat r
25、elease rate, nthe heat evolved from the specimen, per unit of time. 3.2.5 ignitability, nthe propensity to ignition, as measured by the time to sustained aming, in seconds, at a specied heating ux. 3.2.6 initial test heat ux, nthe heat ux set on the test apparatus at the initiation of the test (see
26、also heat ux). 3.2.6.1 Discussion The initial test heat ux is the heat ux value commonly used when describing or setting test conditions. 3.2.7 net heat of combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see Test Method D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected for gaseous state of product water. 3.2.7.1 Dis
27、cussion The net heat of combustion differs from the gross heat of combustion in that the former assesses the heat per unit mass generated from a combustion process that ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter ends with water in the liquid state. 3.2.8 orientation, nthe plane in which t
28、he exposed face of the specimen is located during testing, either vertical or horizontal facing up. 3.2.9 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression of the relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed during combustion and the heat released. 3 Available from American National Standards Instit
29、ute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org. E135414 23.2.10 smoke obscuration, nreduction of light transmission by smoke, as measured by light attenuation. 3.2.11 sustained aming, nexistence of ame on or over most of the specimen surface for periods of at least 4 s
30、. 3.2.11.1 Discussion Flaming of less than 4 s duration is identied as ashing or transitory aming. 3.3 Symbols: A s = nominal specimen exposed surface area, 0.01 m 2 . C = calibration constant for oxygen consumption analysis, m 1/2 kg 1/2 K 1/2 . Dh c = net heat of combustion, kJ/kg. D h c,eff = eff
31、ective heat of combustion, kJ/kg. I = actual beam intensity. I o = beam intensity with no smoke. k = smoke extinction coefficient, m 1 . L = extinction beam path length, m. m = specimen mass, kg. m f = nal specimen mass, kg. m i = initial specimen mass, kg. m = specimen mass loss rate, kg/s. DP = or
32、ice meter pressure differential, Pa. q“ tot = total heat released, kJ/m 2 (Note that kJkWs). q = heat release rate, kW. q“ = heat release rate per unit area, kW/m 2 . q“ max = maximum heat release rate per unit area (kW/m 2 ). q“ 180 = average heat release rate, per unit area, over the time period s
33、tarting at t ig and ending 180 s later (kW/m 2 ). r = repeatability (the units are the same as for the variable being characterized). R = reproducibility (the units are the same as for the variable being characterized). r o = stoichiometric oxygen/fuel mass ratio (). s r = sample-based standard devi
34、ation estimate for repeatability (same units as r). s R = sample-based standard deviation estimate for reproducibility (same units as R). t = time, s. t d = oxygen analyzer delay time, s. t ig = time to sustained aming (s). r = density (kg/m 3 ). Dt = sampling time interval, s. T e = absolute temper
35、ature of gas at the orice meter, K. V = volume exhaust ow rate, measured at the location of the laser photometer, m 3 /s. X O 2 = oxygen analyzer reading, mole fraction O 2 (). X O 2 0 = initial value of oxygen analyzer reading (). X O 2 1 = oxygen analyzer reading, before delay time correction ().
36、s f = specic extinction area, for smoke, m 2 /kg. s r = repeatability standard deviation (same units as r). s R = reproducibility standard deviation (same units as R). 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 Thistestmethodisbasedontheobservation(1) 4 that,generally,thenetheatofcombustionisdirectlyrelatedtothe
37、amount of oxygen required for combustion. The relationship is that approximately 13.110 3 kJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed. Specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a predetermined initial test heat ux, which can be set from 0 to 100 kW/
38、m 2 . The test permits burning to occur either with or without spark ignition. The primary measurements are oxygen concentrations and exhaust gas ow rate. Additional measurements include the mass-loss rate of the specimen, the time to sustained aming and smoke obscuration, or as required in the rele
39、vant material or performance standard. 5. Signicance and Use 5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a re involving products of the test material.Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sust
40、ained aming, and smoke production. These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use. 4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this test method. E135414 35.2 This test method is applicable to va
41、rious categories of products and is not limited to representing a single re scenario. Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11. 5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces. 6. Apparatus 6.1 General: 6.1.1
42、 All dimensions given in the gures that are followed by an asterisk are mandatory, and shall be followed within nominal tolerances of 61 mm, unless otherwise specied. Particularly critical dimensions are followed by an asterisk in Figs. 1-12. 6.1.2 The test apparatus 5 shall consist essentially of t
43、he following components: a conical radiant electric heater, capable of horizontal or vertical orientation; specimen holders, different for the two orientations; an exhaust gas system with oxygen monitoring and ow measuring instrumentation; an electric ignition spark plug; a data collection and analy
44、sis system; and a load cell for measuring specimen mass loss.Ageneral view of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1; a cross section through the heater in Fig. 2; and exploded views of horizontal and vertical orientations in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. 6.1.3 Additional details describing features and operation of
45、 the test apparatus are given in Ref (2). 6.2 Conical Heater: 6.2.1 The active element of the heater shall consist of an electrical heater rod, rated at 5000Wat 240V, tightly wound into the shape of a truncated cone (Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). The heater shall be encased on the outside with a double-wall s
46、tainless steel cone, packed with a refractory ber material of approximately 100 kg/m 3 density. 6.2.2 The heater shall be hinged so it can be swung into either a horizontal or a vertical orientation.The heater shall be capable of producing irradiances on the surface of the specimen of up to 100 kW/m
47、 2 . The irradiance shall be uniform within the central 50 by 50-mm area of the specimen to within62% in the horizontal orientation and to within610% in the vertical orientation. As the geometry of the heater is critical, the dimensions on Fig. 2 are mandatory. 6.2.3 The irradiance from the heater s
48、hall be capable of being held at a preset level by means of a temperature controller and three type K stainless steel sheathed thermocouples, symmetrically disposed and in contact with, but not welded to, the heater element (see Fig. 2). The thermocouples shall be of equal length and wired in parall
49、el to the temperature controller. The standard thermocouples are sheathed, 1.5 and 1.6 mm outside diameter, with an unexposed hot junction.Alternatively, either 3 mm outside diametersheathedthermocoupleswithanexposedhotjunctionor1mmoutsidediametersheathedthermocoupleswithunexposed hot junction can be used. 6.3 Temperature Controller: 5 A list of suppliers of this apparatus is available from ASTM Headquarters. NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres. NOTE 2* Indicates a critical di
