1、Designation: E1354 15 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forHeat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials andProducts Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measur
3、ingthe response of materials exposed to controlled levels ofradiant heating with or without an external ignitor.1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability,heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion,and visible smoke development of materials and products.1.3 The
4、 rate of heat release is determined by measurementof the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygenconcentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream.The effective heat of combustion is determined from a con-comitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combi-nation with the hea
5、t release rate. Smoke development ismeasured by obscuration of light by the combustion productstream.1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes inthe range of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used,shall be by electric spark. The value of the initial test heat fluxand the use o
6、f external ignition are to be as specified in therelevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). Thenormal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independentof whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or avertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions forvertica
7、l orientation testing; this is used for exploratory ordiagnostic studies only.1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of timefrom initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.1.6 This test method has been developed for use for materialand product evaluations, mathematical modeling, designpu
8、rposes, or development and research. Examples of materialspecimens include portions of an end-use product or thevarious components used in the end-use product.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard
9、 is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.9 Thi
10、s standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardst
11、atements, see Section 7.1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE177 P
12、ractice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE906 Test Method fo
13、r Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethod2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 5657-1986(E) Fire Testsreaction to fireignitabilityof building materialsISO 5725-2 (1994) Accuracy (trueness and precision) ofmeasurement methods and results Part 2: Basic method1This test
14、 method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved May 15, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1354 - 14
15、1. DOI:10.1520/E1354-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Sta
16、ndards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1for the determination of repeatability and reproducibilityof a standard measurement method3. Ter
17、minology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 critical heat flux for ignition, nthe midpoint withinthe range of heat fluxes between the maximum (highest) heatflux that produces no ignition a
18、nd the minimum (lowest) heatflux that produces ignition, for a specified exposure time.3.2.2 effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heatgenerated per unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly,when exposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast grossheat of combustion).3.2.2.1 Discu
19、ssionThe effective heat of combustion de-pends on the test method and is determined by dividing themeasured heat release by the mass loss during a specifiedperiod of time under the specified test conditions.Typically, thespecified fire test conditions are provided by the specificationsof the fire te
20、st standard that cites effective heat of combustionas a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test conditions,involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations underhigh pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approxi-mate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire testcond
21、itions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is theappropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.2.3 gross heat of combustion, nthe maximum amount ofheat per unit mass that theoretically can be released by thecombustion of a
22、 material, product, or assembly; it can bedetermined experimentally and only under conditions of highpressure and in pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of com-bustion).3.2.4 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area,per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe h
23、eat flux from an energy source,such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of atest (such as Test Method E1354 or Test Method E906) andthen reported as the incident heat flux, with the understandingthat the burning of the test specimen can generate additionalheat flux to the specimen
24、 surface. The heat flux can also bemeasured at any time during a fire test, for example asdescribed in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measure-ment devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes.Typical units are kW/m2, kJ/(s m2), W/cm2, or BTU/(s ft2).3.2.5 heat release rate, nthe heat
25、evolved from thespecimen, per unit of time.3.2.6 ignitability, nthe propensity to ignition, as measuredby the time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specifiedheating flux.3.2.7 initial test heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the testapparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.2
26、.7.1 DiscussionThe initial test heat flux is the heat fluxvalue commonly used when describing or setting test condi-tions.3.2.8 net heat of combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see TestMethod D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected forgaseous state of product water.3.2.8.1 DiscussionThe net heat
27、 of combustion differsfrom the gross heat of combustion in that the former assessesthe heat per unit mass generated from a combustion processthat ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter endswith water in the liquid state.3.2.9 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face ofthe spe
28、cimen is located during testing, either vertical orhorizontal facing up.3.2.10 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression ofthe relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.2.11 smoke obscuration, nreduction of light transmis-sion by smoke, as measured
29、 by light attenuation.3.2.12 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or overmost of the specimen surface for periods of at least 4 s.3.2.12.1 DiscussionFlaming of less than 4 s duration isidentified as flashing or transitory flaming.3.3 Symbols:As= nominal specimen exposed surface area, 0.01 m2.C
30、= calibration constant for oxygen consumptionanalysis, m1/2kg1/2 K1/2.hc= net heat of combustion, kJ/kg. hc,eff= effective heat of combustion, kJ/kg.I = actual beam intensity.Io= beam intensity with no smoke.k = smoke extinction coefficient, m1.L = extinction beam path length, m.m = specimen mass, k
31、g.mf= final specimen mass, kg.mi= initial specimen mass, kg.m = specimen mass loss rate, kg/s.P = orifice meter pressure differential, Pa.q“tot= total heat released, kJ/m2(Note that kJ kWs).q = heat release rate, kW.q“ = heat release rate per unit area, kW/m2.q“max= maximum heat release rate per uni
32、t area (kW/m2).q“180= average heat release rate, per unit area, over thetime period starting at tigand ending 180 s later(kW/m2).r = repeatability (the units are the same as for thevariable being characterized).R = reproducibility (the units are the same as for thevariable being characterized).ro= s
33、toichiometric oxygen/fuel mass ratio ().sr= sample-based standard deviation estimate for re-peatability (same units as r).sR= sample-based standard deviation estimate for re-producibility (same units as R).t = time, s.td= oxygen analyzer delay time, s.tig= time to sustained flaming (s). = density (k
34、g/m3).t = sampling time interval, s.Te= absolute temperature of gas at the orifice meter, K.E1354 152V= volume exhaust flow rate, measured at the locationof the laser photometer, m3/s.XO2= oxygen analyzer reading, mole fraction O2().XO20= initial value of oxygen analyzer reading ().XO21= oxygen anal
35、yzer reading, before delay time correc-tion ().f= specific extinction area, for smoke, m2/kg.r= repeatability standard deviation (same units as r).R= reproducibility standard deviation (same units asR).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation (1)4that,generally, the
36、net heat of combustion is directly related to theamount of oxygen required for combustion. The relationship isthat approximately 13.1 103kJ of heat are released per 1 kgof oxygen consumed. Specimens in the test are burned inambient air conditions, while being subjected to a predeter-mined initial te
37、st heat flux, which can be set from 0 to 100kW/m2. The test permits burning to occur either with orwithout spark ignition. The primary measurements are oxygenconcentrations and exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measure-ments include the mass-loss rate of the specimen, the time tosustained flaming an
38、d smoke obscuration, or as required in therelevant material or performance standard.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heatevolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of thetest material. Also included is a determination of the effectiveheat o
39、f combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustainedflaming, and smoke production. These properties are deter-mined on small size specimens that are representative of thosein the intended end use.5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories ofproducts and is not limited to representing a
40、single firescenario.Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 andX1.11.5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use productsthat do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.6. Apparatus6.1 General:6.1.1 All dimensions given in the figures that are followedby an asterisk are
41、 mandatory, and shall be followed withinnominal tolerances of 61 mm, unless otherwise specified.Particularly critical dimensions are followed by an asterisk inFigs. 1-12.6.1.2 The test apparatus5shall consist essentially of thefollowing components: a conical radiant electric heater, ca-pable of hori
42、zontal or vertical orientation; specimen holders,different for the two orientations; an exhaust gas system withoxygen monitoring and flow measuring instrumentation; anelectric ignition spark plug; a data collection and analysissystem; and a load cell for measuring specimen mass loss. Ageneral view o
43、f the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1; a cross sectionthrough the heater in Fig. 2; and exploded views of horizontaland vertical orientations in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.6.1.3 Additional details describing features and operation ofthe test apparatus are given in Ref (2).6.2 Conical Heater:4The boldface number
44、s in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.5A list of suppliers of this apparatus is available from ASTM Headquarters.NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres.NOTE 2* Indicates a critical dimension.FIG. 1 Overall View of ApparatusE1354 1536.2.1 The active element o
45、f the heater shall consist of anelectrical heater rod, rated at 5000 W at 240 V, tightly woundinto the shape of a truncated cone (Fig. 2 and Fig. 4). Theheater shall be encased on the outside with a double-wallstainless steel cone, packed with a refractory fiber material ofapproximately 100 kg/m3den
46、sity.6.2.2 The heater shall be hinged so it can be swung intoeither a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The heater shall becapable of producing irradiances on the surface of the speci-men of up to 100 kW/m2. The irradiance shall be uniformwithin the central 50 by 50-mm area of the specimen to wi
47、thin62 % in the horizontal orientation and to within 610 % in thevertical orientation. As the geometry of the heater is critical,the dimensions on Fig. 2 are mandatory.6.2.3 The irradiance from the heater shall be capable ofbeing held at a preset level by means of a temperaturecontroller and three t
48、ype K stainless steel sheathedthermocouples, symmetrically disposed and in contact with,but not welded to, the heater element (see Fig. 2). Thethermocouples shall be of equal length and wired in parallel tothe temperature controller. The standard thermocouples aresheathed, 1.5 and 1.6 mm outside dia
49、meter, with an unexposedhot junction. Alternatively, either 3 mm outside diametersheathed thermocouples with an exposed hot junction or 1 mmoutside diameter sheathed thermocouples with unexposed hotjunction can be used.6.3 Temperature Controller:6.3.1 The temperature controller for the heater shall becapable of holding the element temperature steady to within62C. A suitable system is a 3-term controller (proportional,integral, and derivative) and a thyristor unit capable of switch-ing currents up to 25 A at 240 V.6.3.2 The controll
