1、Designation: E 1364 95 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Method forMeasuring Road Roughness by Static Level Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1364; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of a longitu-dinal profile of a travelled surface using a static level for t
3、hepurpose of obtaining a road roughness index. This test methodis suitable for all surface types that are travelled by conven-tional ground vehicles, including paved and unpaved roads.1.2 This test method is labor-intensive with respect to othermeans for measuring longitudinal profile, and is used m
4、ainlyfor (1) validating other profile-measuring methods and (2)calibrating response-type roughness-measuring systems.NOTE 1When measuring road roughness with a static level for thepurposes of validating other profile-measuring methods or calibratingresponse-type roughness-measuring systems, the stat
5、ic level measurementprocess should be evaluated to ensure the measurements are within theresolution required in Table 1. It is recommended that several locations bemarked at various distances from the level and these locations bemeasured in sequence several times to establish if the readings stay wi
6、thinthe resolution required. Wind, distance between the rod and the level,surface texture, and positioning of the rod all have significant impact onthe repeatability of the elevation measurements. Any variation from thetrue elevations will primarily affect the bias as explained in 10.2.Todetermine t
7、he effect of random variations, random variations can be addedto an existing profile and the IRI recalculated to determine the impact ofthe variations.1.3 This test method describes the computation required forone particular type of roughness index, the vehicle simulationused in the International Ro
8、ughness Index (IRI). Additionally,the profile obtained with this test method can be processed toobtain other roughness measures.1.4 This test method includes two levels of accuracy thatcan be chosen according to need. The more accurate, desig-nated as Class 1, reduces the measurement error of therou
9、ghness index to less than 2 % of the true value of the index.The second, designated as Class 2, involves errors less than5%.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for informati
10、on onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory l
11、imitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 950 Test Method for Measuring the Longitudinal Profileof Traveled Surfaces with an Accelerometer EstablishedInertial Profiling Reference2E 1082 Test Method for Measurement of Vehicular Re-sponse to Traveled Surface Roughness2E 1170
12、Practices for Simulating Vehicular Response toLongitudinal Profiles of Traveled Surfaces23. Summary of Test Method3.1 Measures of surface elevation are obtained at constantintervals along a line on a travelled surface to define alongitudinal profile. The line used for the profile is called awheeltra
13、ck, a path followed by the tire of a road vehicle. Themeasured numbers are recorded and entered into a computerfor graphical display and analysis. The profile points are usedas input to a computational algorithm that produces a summaryroughness index.3.2 This test method describes the use of convent
14、ionalsurvey equipment comprising an optical level and graduatedrod, but it may also be applied to automated techniques (forexample, laser-based systems) with appropriate adjustments.At a minimum, two persons are required; one to locate andhold the rod (the rod-man), and a second to read relativeheig
15、hts through the leveling instrument and record the read-ings. For better efficiency, it is recommended that a thirdperson record the readings to allow the instrument operator toconcentrate on adjusting and reading the instrument. When1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17
16、onVehicle-Pavement Systems, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.31on Methods for Measuring Profile and Roughness.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 1364 95 (2000).2For referenced ASTM st
17、andards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
18、, PA 19428-2959, United States.maximum measuring speed is desired, a fourth crew member isrecommended to act as relief.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method provides a means for obtaining astandard roughness index using generic equipment. This par-ticular test method is simple but labor-intens
19、ive, and is mostappropriate for establishing reference roughness levels for alimited number of test sites.4.2 Test sites whose roughness is measured with this testmethod can be used to calibrate response-type measuringsystems (see Test Method E 1082).4.3 Such sites can also be used to verify proper
20、operation ofother profile measuring systems, and to establish accuracylevels for other profile measuring systems (see Test MethodE 950).5. Apparatus5.1 TapeA surveyors tape is used to locate the elevationmeasures at constant intervals. The tape accuracy must bewithin 0.2 % of its total length. It is
21、 helpful to mark thelocations at which the measures will occur if they are notclearly visible when the tape is laying on the ground (forexample, mark 1-ft intervals with bright paint).5.2 LevelThe level must be designed to provide heightreadings with the required resolution. The resolution require-m
22、ents are more stringent for smooth roads, and are summa-rized in Table 1 based on IRI roughness levels. Table 1 requiresresolutions that are beyond the capabilities of most levels usedin routine surveying and road construction. Precision levelinginstruments used for extremely accurate control work o
23、rconstruction layout are required for measuring the roughness ofmost paved roads, which is typically in the range of 30 to 317in./mile (0.5 to 5 m/km) IRI. With most precision instrumen-tation of this nature, the level and rod (see 5.3) are calibratedtogether. Typically, the level includes a microme
24、ter to interpo-late between marks on the rod. Metric leveling instruments areavailable with a resolution of 0.1 mm, which is sufficient forany pavement. Class 1 precision is preferred when validatinginertial profiling systems (see 8.3). Class 2 precision isconsidered adequate for calibrating respons
25、e-type systems.NOTE 2Survey equipment is available for measuring surface eleva-tion using a laser beam as a horizontal reference in lieu of a level. Suchequipment may be used in accordance with the manufacturers recommen-dations, as long as the resolution requirements from Table 1 are met.5.3 RodThe
26、 rod must be marked such that changes inelevation between adjacent profile points can be discerned withthe required precision. With most precision levels, the mark-ings on the rod correspond to an interval built into a microme-ter in the level (for example, 10 mm values are obtainedvisually from the
27、 rod, and 0.1 mm values are obtained from themicrometer).NOTE 3If a laser-based level is used, a suitable rod shall be used inaccordance with the manufacturers specifications. If the instrument doesnot require visible marks on the rod, such markings are not required.However, for any equipment used,
28、the total system (instrument and rod)must have the resolution specified in 5.2.5.3.1 The base of the rod should be designed to allow easilyrepeatable measures. On smooth-textured surfaces almost anytype of base is suitable. For use on textured surfaces, a circularpad with a diameter of at least 0.8
29、in. (20 mm) is suggested toreduce sensitivity of the measurement to small variations in therod placement.NOTE 4In limited work performed to date, pads with diameters of 20mm (0.8 in.) and 100 mm (4 in.) have been used successfully.5.3.2 The absolute distance between the bottom of the rodand the mark
30、ings is not relevant for roughness measurement.Therefore, temperature-correction is not required. Also, modi-fications to the base of the rod are permitted (see 5.3.1)toimprove repeatability on textured surfaces.5.3.3 A bubble level attached to the rod is recommended toaid in keeping the rod vertica
31、l.5.4 ComputerDue to the potential for human error withthe large amount of data obtained with this test method, allcalculations shall be performed automatically by computer.The computer should have the capability to: (1) store all of theraw data values on a permanent medium (floppy disk, harddisk, m
32、agnetic tape, and so forth), (2) run programs thatperform the calculations described in 8.2 and 8.3, and (3)graphically display the computed profile.NOTE 5Virtually all popular desktop and home computers have thesecapabilities.NOTE 6Virtually any computer language can be used to implementthese tasks
33、. Common choices are Fortran, BASIC, Pascal, and C. Also,spreadsheets and general-purpose numerical analysis programs can beused.NOTE 7Several computers can be employed for different tasks. Forexample, the profile computations could be performed on computerA, anddisplayed using computer B.5.5 Data R
34、ecording Instrument readings are typicallyrecorded by writing the numbers on paper (field notes). Due tothe large number of individual measurements involved in thistest method, it is critical to eliminate as many sources of humanerror as possible. Standardized field forms should be used withlongitud
35、inal distances printed. The field forms should comple-ment the display of the computer screen when the numbers aretyped into the computer.6. Procedure6.1 Select each wheeltrack to be profiled based on criteria oflength, roughness level, and surface type depending on the useto be made of the measurem
36、ent.NOTE 8When calibrating one or more two-track response-type sys-tems, it is necessary to measure two parallel wheeltracks in the sameTABLE 1 Resolution RequirementsIRI Roughness Range,in./mile (m/km)Required Resolution, in. (mm)Class 1 Class 20(0)# IRI 30 (.5) 0.005 (0.125) 0.01 (0.25)30 (.5) # I
37、RI 63 (1) 0.01 (0.25) 0.02 (0.5)63 (1) # IRI 190 (3) 0.02 (0.5) 0.04 (1.0)190 (3)# IRI 317 (5) 0.04 (1.0) 0.08 (2.0)317 (5) # IRI 444 (7) 0.06 (1.5) 0.12 (3.0)444 (7) # IRI 0.08 (2.0) 0.16 (4.0)E 1364 95 (2005)2travelled lane. The distance between the wheeltracks should approxi-mately match the trac
38、k widths of the response-type systems beingcalibrated.6.2 Clearly mark the line defining the wheeltrack withchalk, paint, or other appropriate method to identify the startingpoint, the stopping point, and the transverse position of the lineat regular intervals along the length. These intervals shall
39、 be nofurther apart than 50 ft (15 m). Mark the endpoints of the tapefor each setup. These markings are needed for the rod and levelmeasurement and also for use by other roughness measuringequipment being calibrated or validated, to ensure that mea-surements made by different methods cover exactly t
40、he samewheeltrack.6.3 Place the tape on the wheeltrack. Initially, the zeroposition on the tape is placed at the start of the wheeltrack.Secure the tape with weights or adhesive tape. Take readings atintervals along the length of the tape. When this is completed,move the tape such that the new zero
41、point coincides with theold end point.6.4 Place the leveling instrument at a location that allowsfocusing on the rod at the start of the tape and over as much ofthe tape as possible. It is recommended that the tripod for thelevel be located in line with the wheeltrack, so the repeatedreadings along
42、the tape can be taken with minimal viewingadjustment. Follow the manufacturers instructions to properlyset up the instrument. When possible, set the tripod thatsupports the instrument low to the ground, to minimize errorsassociated with leaning of the rod (see 7.4).6.5 At intervals along the tape, m
43、easure and record thedistance between the ground and an arbitrary height associatedwith the level.6.5.1 The maximum interval between measurements is 1.0ft (305 mm) for Class 1 resolution, and 2.0 ft (610 mm) forclass 2 resolution. Shorter intervals are permitted.6.5.1.1 The requirements of 6.5.1 are
44、 valid for all types ofroad surfaces except those cases in which roughness is ex-tremely localized and would be missed by using the abovesample intervals (for example, small patches, tar strips, and soforth). Due to the enormous effort involved in reducing thesample interval sufficiently to capture
45、such features, it isrecommended that sites with localized roughness not bemeasured with this test method.6.5.2 The rod-man places the rod on the zero marker of thetape and aligns the rod vertically, using the bubble level as areference. When the rod is properly placed and aligned, therod-man signals
46、 the instrument operator.6.5.3 The instrument operator reads the height according tothe instructions of the equipment manufacturer. Typically, thefirst one or two digits are obtained from the markings on therod, and the third and fourth digits are obtained using amicrometer in the level. The reading
47、 is recorded by thenote-taker. When the reading is made, the note-taker calls outto the rod-man to signal that the rod can be moved to the nextposition.6.5.4 Repeat 6.5.2 until the end of the tape is reached or theelevation under the rod puts the rod out of range.6.6 Relocate the level when either i
48、ts horizontal range isexceeded (that is, the distance between the level and rod is tooshort or too long to focus properly) or the vertical range isexceeded (the markings on the rod are “off scale” due to theslope of the road). The level can be relocated at any time,regardless of the position of the
49、rod. However, it is necessaryto account for the change in height of the instrument.6.6.1 Before moving the level, identify the last measure-ment in the field notes. Also, carefully note and mark thelocation of the rod on the pavement if necessary. This point onthe pavement is the pivot point for the change in instrumentheight that occurs with the new setup.6.6.2 Repeat the first measurement shot with the level at itscurrent position and compare with the first reading. If thedifference between the two readings is greater than the requiredresolution (see 5.2), then all
