1、Designation: E1367 03 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Toxicity of Sediment-AssociatedContaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1367; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing estuarineor marine or
3、ganisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicityof contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sedimentsmay be collected from the field or spiked with compounds inthe laboratory. General guidance is presented in Sections 115for conducting sediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marineamphipods
4、. Specific guidance for conducting 10-d sedimenttoxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods is outlined inAnnex A1 and specific guidance for conducting 28-d sedimenttoxicity tests with Leptocheirus plumulosus is outlined inAnnex A2.1.2 Procedures are described for testing estuarine or marineam
5、phipod crustaceans in 10-d laboratory exposures to evaluatethe toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments(Annex A1; USEPA 1994a (1). Sediments may be collectedfrom the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. Atoxicity method is outlined for four species of estuarine ormarine
6、sediment-burrowing amphipods found within UnitedStates coastal waters. The species are Ampelisca abdita,amarine species that inhabits marine and mesohaline portions oftheAtlantic coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and San Francisco Bay;Eohaustorius estuarius, a Pacific coast estuarine species;Leptocheirus p
7、lumulosus, an Atlantic coast estuarine species;and Rhepoxynius abronius, a Pacific coast marine species.Generally, the method described may be applied to all fourspecies, although acclimation procedures and some test condi-tions (that is, temperature and salinity) will be species-specific(Sections 1
8、2 and Annex A1). The toxicity test is conducted in1-L glass chambers containing 175 mL of sediment and 775mL of overlying seawater. Exposure is static (that is, water isnot renewed), and the animals are not fed over the 10-dexposure period. The endpoint in the toxicity test is survivalwith reburial
9、of surviving amphipods as an additional measure-ment that can be used as an endpoint for some of the testspecies (for R. abronius and E. estuarius). Performance criteriaestablished for this test include the average survival of amphi-pods in negative control treatment must be greater than orequal to
10、90 %. Procedures are described for use with sedimentswith pore-water salinity ranging from 0ooo to fully marine.1.3 A procedure is also described for determining thechronic toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sedi-ments with the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus in labora-tory exposures (A
11、nnex A2; USEPA-USACE 2001(2). Thetoxicity test is conducted for 28 d in 1-L glass chamberscontaining 175 mL of sediment and about 775 mL of overlyingwater. Test temperature is 25 6 2C, and the recommendedoverlying water salinity is 5ooo 6 2ooo (for test sediment withpore water at 1ooo to 10ooo)or20o
12、oo 6 2ooo (for testsediment with pore water 10ooo). Four hundred millilitres ofoverlying water is renewed three times per week, at whichtimes test organisms are fed. The endpoints in the toxicity testare survival, growth, and reproduction of amphipods. Perfor-mance criteria established for this test
13、 include the averagesurvival of amphipods in negative control treatment must begreater than or equal to 80 % and there must be measurablegrowth and reproduction in all replicates of the negativecontrol treatment. This test is applicable for use with sedimentsfrom oligohaline to fully marine environm
14、ents, with a siltcontent greater than 5 % and a clay content less than 85 %.1.4 A salinity of 5 or 20ooo is recommended for routineapplication of 28-d test with L. plumulosus (Annex A2;USEPA-USACE 2001 (2) and a salinity of 20ooo is recom-mended for routine application of the 10-d test with E.estuar
15、ius or L. plumulosus (Annex A1). However, the salinityof the overlying water for tests with these two species can beadjusted to a specific salinity of interest (for example, salinityrepresentative of site of interest or the objective of the studymay be to evaluate the influence of salinity on the bi
16、oavail-ability of chemicals in sediment). More importantly, thesalinity tested must be within the tolerance range of the testorganisms (as outlined in AnnexA1 and AnnexA2). If tests areconducted with procedures different from those described in1.3 or in Table A1.1 (for example, different salinity, l
17、ighting,temperature, feeding conditions), additional tests are requiredto determine comparability of results (1.10). If there is not a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 onEnvironmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is thedirect responsibility of
18、 Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environ-mental Fate.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1367 03 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/E1367-03R14.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this s
19、tandardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1need to make comparisons among studies, then the test couldbe conducted just at a selected salinity for the sediment ofinterest.1.5 Future revisions of this standard may include a
20、dditionalannexes describing whole-sediment toxicity tests with othergroups of estuarine or marine invertebrates (for example,information presented in Guide E1611 on sediment testing withpolychaetes could be added as an annex to future revisions tothis standard). Future editions to this standard may
21、also includemethods for conducting the toxicity tests in smaller chamberswith less sediment (Ho et al. 2000 (3), Ferretti et al. 2002 (4).1.6 Procedures outlined in this standard are based primarilyon procedures described in the USEPA (1994a (1), USEPA-USACE (2001(2), Test Method E1706, and Guides E
22、1391,E1525, E1688, Environment Canada (1992 (5), DeWitt et al.(1992a (6); 1997a (7), Emery et al. (1997 (8), and Emery andMoore (1996 (9), Swartz et al. (1985 (10), DeWitt et al. (1989(11), Scott and Redmond (1989 (12), and Schlekat et al.(1992 (13).1.7 Additional sediment toxicity research and meth
23、ods de-velopment are now in progress to (1) refine sediment spikingprocedures, (2) refine sediment dilution procedures, (3) refinesediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) procedures,(4) produce additional data on confirmation of responses inlaboratory tests with natural populations of benth
24、ic organisms(that is, field validation studies), and (5) evaluate relativesensitivity of endpoints measured in 10- and 28-d toxicity testsusing estuarine or marine amphipods. This information will bedescribed in future editions of this standard.1.8 Although standard procedures are described in Annex
25、A2 of this standard for conducting chronic sediment tests withL. plumulosus, further investigation of certain issues could aidin the interpretation of test results. Some of these issues includefurther investigation to evaluate the relative toxicologicalsensitivity of the lethal and sublethal endpoin
26、ts to a widevariety of chemicals spiked in sediment and to mixtures ofchemicals in sediments from contamination gradients in thefield (USEPA-USACE 2001 (2).Additional research is neededto evaluate the ability of the lethal and sublethal endpoints toestimate the responses of populations and communiti
27、es ofbenthic invertebrates to contaminated sediments. Research isalso needed to link the toxicity test endpoints to a field-validated population model of L. plumulosus that would thengenerate estimates of population-level responses of the am-phipod to test sediments and thereby provide additional ec
28、o-logically relevant interpretive guidance for the laboratorytoxicity test.1.9 This standard outlines specific test methods for evalu-ating the toxicity of sediments with A. abdita, E. estuarius, L.plumulosus, and R. abronius. While standard procedures aredescribed in this standard, further investig
29、ation of certainissues could aid in the interpretation of test results. Some ofthese issues include the effect of shipping on organismsensitivity, additional performance criteria for organism health,sensitivity of various populations of the same test species, andconfirmation of responses in laborato
30、ry tests with naturalbenthos populations.1.10 General procedures described in this standard might beuseful for conducting tests with other estuarine or marineorganisms (for example, Corophium spp., Grandidierellajaponica, Lepidactylus dytiscus, Streblospio benedicti), al-though modifications may be
31、necessary. Results of tests, eventhose with the same species, using procedures different fromthose described in the test method may not be comparable andusing these different procedures may alter bioavailability.Comparison of results obtained using modified versions ofthese procedures might provide
32、useful information concerningnew concepts and procedures for conducting sediment testswith aquatic organisms. If tests are conducted with proceduresdifferent from those described in this test method, additionaltests are required to determine comparability of results. Gen-eral procedures described in
33、 this test method might be usefulfor conducting tests with other aquatic organisms; however,modifications may be necessary.1.11 Selection of Toxicity Testing Organisms:1.11.1 The choice of a test organism has a major influenceon the relevance, success, and interpretation of a test.Furthermore, no on
34、e organism is best suited for all sediments.The following criteria were considered when selecting testorganisms to be described in this standard (Table 1 and GuideE1525). Ideally, a test organism should: (1) have a toxicologi-cal database demonstrating relative sensitivity to a range ofTABLE 1 Ratin
35、g of Selection Criteria for Estuarine or Marine Amphipod Sediment Toxicity TestingA “+” or “” Rating Indicates a Positive or Negative AttributeCriterionAmpeliscaabditaEohaustoriusestuariusLeptocheirusplumulosusRhepoxyniusabroniusRelative sensitivity toxicity data base + + + +Round-robin studies cond
36、ucted + + + +Contact with sediment + + + +Laboratory culture +/- - + -Taxonomic identification + + + +Ecological importance + + + +Geographical distribution ATL, PAC, GOM PAC ATL PACSediment physicochemical tolerance + + + +Response confirmed with benthos populations + +A+Peer reviewed + + + +Endpoi
37、nts monitored Survival Survival, reburial Survival Survival, reburialAAnderson et al. (2001 (14).ATL = Atlantic Coast, PAC = Pacific Coast, GOM= Gulf of MexicoE1367 03 (2014)2contaminants of interest in sediment, (2) have a database forinterlaboratory comparisons of procedures (for example,round-rob
38、in studies), (3) be in direct contact with sediment, (4)be readily available from culture or through field collection, (5)be easily maintained in the laboratory, (6) be easily identified,(7) be ecologically or economically important, (8) have a broadgeographical distribution, be indigenous (either p
39、resent orhistorical) to the site being evaluated, or have a niche similar toorganisms of concern (for example, similar feeding guild orbehavior to the indigenous organisms), (9) be tolerant of abroad range of sediment physico-chemical characteristics (forexample, grain size), and (10) be compatible
40、with selectedexposure methods and endpoints (Guide E1525). Methodsutilizing selected organisms should also be (11) peer reviewed(for example, journal articles) and (12) confirmed with re-sponses with natural populations of benthic organisms.1.11.2 Of these criteria (Table 1), a database demonstratin
41、grelative sensitivity to contaminants, contact with sediment,ease of culture in the laboratory or availability for field-collection, ease of handling in the laboratory, tolerance tovarying sediment physico-chemical characteristics, and confir-mation with responses with natural benthic populations we
42、rethe primary criteria used for selecting A. abdita, E. estuarius,L. plumulosus, and R. abronius for the current edition of thisstandard for 10-d sediment tests (Annex A1). The specieschosen for this method are intimately associated with sediment,due to their tube- dwelling or free-burrowing, and se
43、dimentingesting nature.Amphipods have been used extensively to testthe toxicity of marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments(Swartz et al., 1985 (10); DeWitt et al., 1989 (11); Scott andRedmond, 1989 (12); DeWitt et al., 1992a (6); Schlekat et al.,1992 (13). The selection of test species for this
44、standardfollowed the consensus of experts in the field of sedimenttoxicology who participated in a workshop entitled “TestingIssues for Freshwater and Marine Sediments”. The workshopwas sponsored by USEPA Office of Water, Office of Scienceand Technology, and Office of Research and Development, andwa
45、s held in Washington, D.C. from 16-18 September 1992(USEPA, 1992 (15). Of the candidate species discussed at theworkshop, A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R.abronius best fulfilled the selection criteria, and presented theavailability of a combination of one estuarine and one marinespecie
46、s each for both the Atlantic (the estuarine L. plumulosusand the marine A. abdita ) and Pacific (the estuarine E.estuarius and the marine R. abronius) coasts. Ampelisca abditais also native to portions of the Gulf of Mexico and SanFrancisco Bay. Many other organisms that might be appropri-ate for se
47、diment testing do not now meet these selection criteriabecause little emphasis has been placed on developing stan-dardized testing procedures for benthic organisms. Forexample, a fifth species, Grandidierella japonica was notselected because workshop participants felt that the use of thisspecies was
48、 not sufficiently broad to warrant standardization ofthe method. Environment Canada (1992 (5) has recommendedthe use of the following amphipod species for sediment toxicitytesting: Amphiporeia virginiana, Corophium volutator, Eo-haustorius washingtonianus, Foxiphalus xiximeus, and Lep-tocheirus ping
49、uis. A database similar to those available for A.abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius must bedeveloped in order for these and other organisms to be includedin future editions of this standard.1.11.3 The primary criterion used for selecting L. plumulo-sus for chronic testing of sediments was that this species isfound in both oligohaline and mesohaline regions of estuarieson the East Coast of the United States and is tolerant to a widerange of sediment grain size distribution (USEPA-USACE2001 (2), Annex Annex A2). This species is easily
