1、Designation: E 1367 03e1Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Toxicity of Sediment-AssociatedContaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1367; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTESection 1.11.10.3 was editorially corrected in November 2004.1. Scope*1.1 This test meth
3、od covers procedures for testing estuarineor marine organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicityof contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sedimentsmay be collected from the field or spiked with compounds inthe laboratory. General guidance is presented in Sections 1-151to 15 for conduc
4、ting sediment toxicity tests with estuarine ormarine amphipods. Specific guidance for conducting 10-dsediment toxicity tests with estuarine or marine amphipods isoutlined in Annex A1 and specific guidance for conducting28-d sediment toxicity tests with Leptocheirus plumulosus isoutlined in Annex A2.
5、1.2 Procedures are described for testing estuarine or marineamphipod crustaceans in 10-d laboratory exposures to evaluatethe toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments(Annex A1; USEPA 1994a (1). Sediments may be collectedfrom the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory. Atoxic
6、ity method is outlined for four species of estuarine ormarine sediment-burrowing amphipods found within UnitedStates coastal waters. The species are Ampelisca abdita,amarine species that inhabits marine and mesohaline portions ofthe Atlantic coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and San Francisco Bay;Eohaustor
7、ius estuarius, a Pacific coast estuarine species;Leptocheirus plumulosus, an Atlantic coast estuarine species;and Rhepoxynius abronius, a Pacific coast marine species.Generally, the method described may be applied to all fourspecies, although acclimation procedures and some test condi-tions (that is
8、, temperature and salinity) will be species-specific(Sections 12 and Annex A1). The toxicity test is conducted in1-L glass chambers containing 175 mL of sediment and 775mL of overlying seawater. Exposure is static (that is, water isnot renewed), and the animals are not fed over the 10-dexposure peri
9、od. The endpoint in the toxicity test is survivalwith reburial of surviving amphipods as an additional measure-ment that can be used as an endpoint for some of the testspecies (for R. abronius and E. estuarius). Performance criteriaestablished for this test include the average survival of amphi-pods
10、 in negative control treatment must be greater than orequal to 90 %. Procedures are described for use with sedimentswith pore-water salinity ranging from 0ooo to fully marine.1.3 A procedure is also described for determining thechronic toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sedi-ments with t
11、he amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus in labora-tory exposures (Annex A2; USEPA-USACE 2001(2). Thetoxicity test is conducted for 28 d in 1-L glass chamberscontaining 175 mL of sediment and about 775 mL of overlyingwater. Test temperature is 25 6 2C, and the recommendedoverlying water salinity is 5ooo
12、6 2ooo (for test sediment withpore water at 1ooo to 10ooo)or20ooo 6 2ooo (for testsediment with pore water 10ooo). Four hundred millilitres ofoverlying water is renewed three times per week, at whichtimes test organisms are fed. The endpoints in the toxicity testare survival, growth, and reproductio
13、n of amphipods. Perfor-mance criteria established for this test include the averagesurvival of amphipods in negative control treatment must begreater than or equal to 80 % and there must be measurablegrowth and reproduction in all replicates of the negativecontrol treatment. This test is applicable
14、for use with sedimentsfrom oligohaline to fully marine environments, with a siltcontent greater than 5 % and a clay content less than 85 %.1.4 A salinity of 5 or 20ooo is recommended for routineapplication of 28-d test with L. plumulosus (Annex A2;USEPA-USACE 2001 (2) and a salinity of 20ooo is reco
15、m-mended for routine application of the 10-d test with E.estuarius or L. plumulosus (Annex A1). However, the salinityof the overlying water for tests with these two species can beadjusted to a specific salinity of interest (for example, salinityrepresentative of site of interest or the objective of
16、the studymay be to evaluate the influence of salinity on the bioavail-ability of chemicals in sediment). More importantly, thesalinity tested must be within the tolerance range of the testorganisms (as outlined inAnnexA1 andAnnexA2). If tests areconducted with procedures different from those describ
17、edsection 1.3 or in Table A1.1 (for example, different salinity,lighting, temperature, feeding conditions), additional tests are1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 onBiological Effects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E47.03 on Sedi
18、ment Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published February 2004. Originallypublished as E 1367 90. Last previous edition E 1367 99.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
19、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.required to determine comparability of results (section 1.10). Ifthere is not a need to make comparisons among studies, thenthe test could be conducted just at a selected salinity for thesediment of interest.1.5 Future revisions of this standard may include
20、additionalannexes describing whole-sediment toxicity tests with othergroups of estuarine or marine invertebrates (for example,information presented in Guide E 1611 on sediment testingwith polychaetes could be added as an annex to future revisionsto this standard). Future editions to this standard ma
21、y alsoinclude methods for conducting the toxicity tests in smallerchambers with less sediment (Ho et al. 2000 (3), Ferretti et al.2002 (4).1.6 Procedures outlined in this standard are based primarilyon procedures described in the USEPA (1994a (1), USEPA-USACE (2001(2), Test Method E 1706, and Guides
22、 E 1391,E 1525, E 1688, Environment Canada (1992 (5), DeWitt et al.(1992a (6); 1997a (7), Emery et al. (1997 (8), and Emery andMoore (1996 (9), Swartz et al. (1985 (10), DeWitt et al.(1989(11), Scott and Redmond (1989 (12), and Schlekat et al.(1992 (13).1.7 Additional sediment toxicity research and
23、methods de-velopment are now in progress to (1) refine sediment spikingprocedures, (2) refine sediment dilution procedures, (3) refinesediment Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) procedures,(4) produce additional data on confirmation of responses inlaboratory tests with natural populations of b
24、enthic organisms(that is, field validation studies), and (5) evaluate relativesensitivity of endpoints measured in 10- and 28-d toxicity testsusing estuarine or marine amphipods. This information will bedescribed in future editions of this standard.1.8 Although standard procedures are described in A
25、nnexA2 of this standard for conducting chronic sediment tests withL. plumulosus, further investigation of certain issues could aidin the interpretation of test results. Some of these issues includefurther investigation to evaluate the relative toxicologicalsensitivity of the lethal and sublethal end
26、points to a widevariety of chemicals spiked in sediment and to mixtures ofchemicals in sediments from contamination gradients in thefield (USEPA-USACE 2001 (2).Additional research is neededto evaluate the ability of the lethal and sublethal endpoints toestimate the responses of populations and commu
27、nities ofbenthic invertebrates to contaminated sediments. Research isalso needed to link the toxicity test endpoints to a field-validated population model of L. plumulosus that would thengenerate estimates of population-level responses of the amphi-pod to test sediments and thereby provide additiona
28、l ecologi-cally relevant interpretive guidance for the laboratory toxicitytest.1.9 This standard outlines specific test methods for evalu-ating the toxicity of sediments with A. abdita, E. estuarius, L.plumulosus, and R. abronius. While standard procedures aredescribed in this standard, further inve
29、stigation of certainissues could aid in the interpretation of test results. Some ofthese issues include the effect of shipping on organism sensi-tivity, additional performance criteria for organism health,sensitivity of various populations of the same test species, andconfirmation of responses in la
30、boratory tests with naturalbenthos populations.1.10 General procedures described in this standard might beuseful for conducting tests with other estuarine or marineorganisms (for example, Corophium spp., Grandidierellajaponica, Lepidactylus dytiscus, Streblospio benedicti), al-though modifications m
31、ay be necessary. Results of tests, eventhose with the same species, using procedures different fromthose described in the test method may not be comparable andusing these different procedures may alter bioavailability.Comparison of results obtained using modified versions ofthese procedures might pr
32、ovide useful information concerningnew concepts and procedures for conducting sediment testswith aquatic organisms. If tests are conducted with proceduresdifferent from those described in this test method, additionaltests are required to determine comparability of results. Gen-eral procedures descri
33、bed in this test method might be usefulfor conducting tests with other aquatic organisms; however,modifications may be necessary.1.11 Selection of Toxicity Testing Organisms:1.11.1 The choice of a test organism has a major influenceon the relevance, success, and interpretation of a test. Further-mor
34、e, no one organism is best suited for all sediments. Thefollowing criteria were considered when selecting test organ-isms to be described in this standard (Table 1 and GuideE 1525). Ideally, a test organism should: (1) have a toxicologi-cal database demonstrating relative sensitivity to a range ofco
35、ntaminants of interest in sediment, (2) have a database forinterlaboratory comparisons of procedures (for example,round-robin studies), (3) be in direct contact with sediment, (4)be readily available from culture or through field collection, (5)be easily maintained in the laboratory, (6) be easily i
36、dentified,(7) be ecologically or economically important, (8) have a broadgeographical distribution, be indigenous (either present orhistorical) to the site being evaluated, or have a niche similar toorganisms of concern (for example, similar feeding guild orbehavior to the indigenous organisms), (9)
37、 be tolerant of abroad range of sediment physico-chemical characteristics (forexample, grain size), and (10) be compatible with selectedexposure methods and endpoints (Guide E 1525). Methodsutilizing selected organisms should also be (11) peer reviewed(for example, journal articles) and (12) confirm
38、ed with re-sponses with natural populations of benthic organisms.1.11.2 Of these criteria (Table 1), a database demonstratingrelative sensitivity to contaminants, contact with sediment,ease of culture in the laboratory or availability for field-collection, ease of handling in the laboratory, toleran
39、ce tovarying sediment physico-chemical characteristics, and confir-mation with responses with natural benthic populations werethe primary criteria used for selecting A. abdita, E. estuarius,L. plumulosus, and R. abronius for the current edition of thisstandard for 10-d sediment tests (Annex A1). The
40、 specieschosen for this method are intimately associated with sediment,due to their tube- dwelling or free-burrowing, and sedimentingesting nature.Amphipods have been used extensively to testthe toxicity of marine, estuarine, and freshwater sediments(Swartz et al., 1985 (10); DeWitt et al., 1989 (11
41、); Scott andE136703e12Redmond, 1989 (12); DeWitt et al., 1992a; Schlekat et al.,1992 (13). The selection of test species for this standardfollowed the consensus of experts in the field of sedimenttoxicology who participated in a workshop entitled “TestingIssues for Freshwater and Marine Sediments”.
42、The workshopwas sponsored by USEPA Office of Water, Office of Scienceand Technology, and Office of Research and Development, andwas held in Washington, D.C. from 16-18 September 1992(USEPA, 1992 (14). Of the candidate species discussed at theworkshop, A. abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R.ab
43、ronius best fulfilled the selection criteria, and presented theavailability of a combination of one estuarine and one marinespecies each for both the Atlantic (the estuarine L. plumulosusand the marine A. abdita) and Pacific (the estuarine E.estuarius and the marine R. abronius) coasts. Ampelisca ab
44、ditais also native to portions of the Gulf of Mexico and SanFrancisco Bay. Many other organisms that might be appropri-ate for sediment testing do not now meet these selection criteriabecause little emphasis has been placed on developing stan-dardized testing procedures for benthic organisms. For ex
45、-ample, a fifth species, Grandidierella japonica was not se-lected because workshop participants felt that the use of thisspecies was not sufficiently broad to warrant standardization ofthe method. Environment Canada (1992 (5) has recommendedthe use of the following amphipod species for sediment tox
46、icitytesting: Amphiporeia virginiana, Corophium volutator, Eo-haustorius washingtonianus, Foxiphalus xiximeus, and Lep-tocheirus pinguis. A database similar to those available for A.abdita, E. estuarius, L. plumulosus, and R. abronius must bedeveloped in order for these and other organisms to be inc
47、ludedin future editions of this standard.1.11.3 The primary criterion used for selecting L. plumulo-sus for chronic testing of sediments was that this species isfound in both oligohaline and mesohaline regions of estuarieson the East Coast of the United States and is tolerant to a widerange of sedim
48、ent grain size distribution (USEPA-USACE2001 (2), Annex Annex A2). This species is easily cultured inthe laboratory and has a relatively short generation time (thatis, about 24 d at 23C, DeWitt et al. 1992a (6) that makes thisspecies adaptable to chronic testing (Section 12).1.11.4 An important cons
49、ideration in the selection of spe-cific species for test method development is the existence ofinformation concerning relative sensitivity of the organismsboth to single chemicals and complex mixtures. Several studieshave evaluated the sensitivities of A. abdita, E. estuarius, L.plumulosus,orR. abronius, either relative to one another, or toother commonly tested estuarine or marine species. For ex-ample, the sensitivity of marine amphipods was compared toother species that were used in generating saltwater WaterQuality Criteria. Seven amphipod genera,
