1、Designation: E 1411 01 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forQualification of Radioscopic Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides test and measurement details formeasuring the performance of X-ray and Gamma ray radio-scopic systems. Radi
3、oscopic examination applications arediverse. Therefore, system configurations are also diverse andconstantly changing as the technology advances.1.2 This practice is intended as a means of initially quali-fying and re-qualifying a radioscopic system for a specifiedapplication by determining its perf
4、ormance level when oper-ated in a static mode. System architecture including the meansof radioscopic examination record archiving and the methodfor making the accept/reject decision are also unique systemfeatures and their effect upon system performance must beevaluated.1.3 The general principles, a
5、s stated in this practice, applybroadly to transmitted-beam penetrating radiation radioscopysystems. Other radioscopic systems, such as those employingneutrons and Compton back-scattered X-ray imaging tech-niques, are not covered as they may involve equipment andapplication details unique to such sy
6、stems.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For info
7、rmation onsafety requirements, refer to the applicable documents listed inSection 2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and MaterialGrouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, a
8、nd MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1255 Practice for RadioscopyE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity inRadiologyE 2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpnessin
9、Radiology2.2 Other Standard:EN 4625 Duplex Wire IQI3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, see Terminology E 1316.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice provides a standardized procedure for theinitial qualification and requalification of a radioscopic systemto
10、 establish radioscopic examination capabilities for a specifiedrange of applications.4.2 This practice is intended for use in association with astandard practice governing the use of radioscopic examina-tion, such as Practice E 1255.4.3 This practice specifies the procedures to be used indetermining
11、 the performance level of the radioscopic system.Unique system features, including component selection, sys-tem architecture, programmability and image archiving capa-bilities are important factors and are taken into account in thispractice. The overall system performance level, as well as keysystem
12、 features, are to be recorded in a qualification documentwhich shall qualify the performance level of the total radio-scopic system. An example of the Radioscopic System Quali-fication document form is included in the Appendix. Thisdocument may be tailored to suit the specific application.5. Signifi
13、cance and Use5.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic exami-nation is broadly applicable to the many materials and objectconfigurations which may be penetrated with X-rays or gammarays. The high degree of variation in architecture and perfor-mance among radioscopic systems due to component
14、selection,physical arrangement and object variables, makes it necessary1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published J
15、uly 2006. Originally approvedin 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 1411 - 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document S
16、ummary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.to establish the level of performance which the selectedradioscopic system is capable of achieving in specific applica-tions. The manufacturer of the radi
17、oscopic system, as well asthe user, require a common basis for determining the perfor-mance level of the radioscopic system.5.2 This practice does not purport to provide a method tomeasure the performance of individual radioscopic systemcomponents which are manufactured according to a variety ofindu
18、stry standards. This practice covers measurement of thecombined performance of the radioscopic system elementswhen operated together as a functional radioscopic system.5.3 This practice addresses the performance of radioscopicsystems in the static mode only. Radioscopy can also be adynamic, real-tim
19、e or near real-time examination techniquewhich can allow test-part motion as well as parameter changesduring the radioscopic examination process. The use of thispractice is not intended to be limiting concerning the use of thedynamic properties of radioscopy. Users of radioscopy arecautioned that th
20、e dynamic aspects of radioscopy can havebeneficial as well as detrimental effects upon system perfor-mance and must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.5.4 This qualification procedure is intended to benchmarkradioscopic system performance under selected operating con-ditions to provide a measure o
21、f system performance. Qualifi-cation shall not restrict operation of the radioscopic system atother radioscopic examination parameter settings which mayprovide improved performance on actual examination objects.5.5 Radioscopic system performance measured pursuant tothis practice does not guarantee t
22、he level of performance whichmay be realized in actual operation. The effects of object-geometry and orientation-generated scattered radiation cannotbe reliably predicted by a standardized examination. Allradioscopic systems age and degrade in performance as afunction of time. Maintenance and operat
23、or adjustments, if notcorrectly made, can adversely affect the performance of radio-scopic systems.5.6 The performance of the radioscopic system operator inmanual and semi-automatic radioscopic systems is not takeninto account in this practice and can have a major effect uponradioscopic system perfo
24、rmance. Operator qualifications are animportant aspect of system operation and should be covered ina separate written procedure.6. Application and Equipment Information Statement6.1 The following minimum application and qualificationstandard information shall be reported in the qualificationdocument
25、.6.1.1 A brief statement about the intended application,6.1.2 Material(s) and thickness range(s) for which the sys-tem is to be qualified,6.1.3 Maximum test part size or radioscopic examinationenvelope,6.1.4 A brief statement about the kind of object featureswhich are to be detected,6.1.5 The requir
26、ed spatial resolution to resolve, or detect thepresence of, the smallest required feature dimension lying in aplane at right angles to the radiation beam. This value shall beexpressed in line-pairs per millimeter and is equal to thereciprocal of twice the required small feature size expressed inmill
27、imeters,6.1.6 The required contrast sensitivity to resolve, or detectthe presence of, the smallest feature dimension lying along theradiation beam expressed as a percentage of the total pathlength of the radiation beam in the material,6.1.7 The desired throughput requirements expressed inlinear and
28、area dimensions per unit time, and6.1.8 The standardized image quality indicator to be used inqualifying the radioscopic system.6.2 The following minimum equipment information shall beincluded in the qualification document:6.2.1 The system make, model number, serial number, dateof manufacture and co
29、nfiguration,6.2.2 Radioscopic scan plan details and whether manual orprogrammable,6.2.3 Accept/Reject decision as to whether manual,computer-aided or fully automated, and6.2.4 Pertinent equipment details for each radioscopic sys-tem sub-system.6.3 This practice neither approves nor disapproves the u
30、seof the qualified radioscopic system for the specified applica-tion. It is intended only as a standardized means of evaluatingsystem performance.7. Qualification Procedure7.1 Before testing, the radioscopic system shall be deter-mined to be in good operating condition. Each sub-system shallbe check
31、ed to ascertain that it performs according to themanufacturers specifications.7.2 The radioscopic system and each component thereofshall be operated within its ratings at all times during qualifi-cation.7.3 The radioscopic system shall be determined to be incompliance with applicable local, state an
32、d federal radiationsafety standards. Proper procedures must be taken to safeguardpersonnel during the performance of these tests.7.4 The image display shall be placed in an area of subdued,controllable lighting which is free from glare and reflectionswhich might affect image assessment.7.5 The radio
33、scopic system shall be at operating tempera-ture and stabilized. All operator accessible operating controlsmay be adjusted as necessary to obtain the optimal imagequality.7.6 Maintenance adjustments shall not be made during theexamination process. If maintenance examinations are neces-sary, all affe
34、cted examinations shall be repeated.7.7 Where provided, beam collimators and diaphragms shallbe used to minimize scatter radiation thereby promoting thehighest quality radioscopic image.7.8 Radioscopic system performance shall be evaluated asto resolution and contrast sensitivity for the applicable
35、materialover the range of minimum and maximum section thicknessesfor which the radioscopic system is to be qualified.7.9 Each imager mode (field of view), radiation source focalspot size and imaging geometry which is to be used shall beevaluated. Any radioscopic examination geometry parameterwhich v
36、aries more than 620 % from a tested geometry shall beE 1411 01 (2006)2treated as a new imaging geometry and must be evaluated.Imaging geometry parameters include FDD (focal detectordistance), FOD (focal object distance) and magnification.7.10 If the radioscopic system incorporates image process-ing,
37、 processed as well as unprocessed images shall be evalu-ated. All image processor enhancement functions used toproduce the processed radioscopic image must be recorded andare a part of the qualification record.7.11 If image recording devices are incorporated, each mustbe qualified as to playback qua
38、lity with reference to theoriginal radioscopic image.7.12 Unprocessed resolution measurements shall be made atthe image converter with no additional absorber. Recorded datashall include FDD, FOV, spatial resolution, radiation sourceenergy and intensity for each imager mode and focal spot forwhich th
39、e radioscopic system is to be qualified. Resolutionmeasurements shall be made using a line-pair gage consistingof equal width lead foil lines and spaces on an appropriate lowdensity substrate, such as plastic. Horizontal (along the TVscan lines) and vertical (normal to TV scan lines) resolutionshall
40、 be recorded.7.13 Unprocessed resolution measurements shall also bemade at the object region of interest average position duringmanipulation with no additional absorber. Recorded data shallinclude FDD, average FOD, magnification, field of view,spatial resolution, source energy and intensity for each
41、 imagermode and focal spot which is to be qualified. Resolutionmeasurements shall be made using a line-pair gage consistingof equal width lead foil lines and spaces on a radiation-transparent substrate. Horizontal (along TV or other scan lines)and vertical (normal to TV or other scan lines) resoluti
42、on shallbe recorded.7.14 Unprocessed contrast sensitivity measurements shallbe made at the object position for the material over the rangeof the minimum and maximum thicknesses for which thesystem is to be qualified. Recorded data shall include field ofview, contrast sensitivity, source energy and i
43、ntensity for eachimager mode and source tube focal spot for which theradioscopic system is to be qualified. Contrast sensitivitymeasurements shall be made by shims or a step wedge made ofthe material for which the system is to be qualified. Thethickness increments shall represent at least 100 %, 99
44、%,98 % and 97 % of the minimum and maximum thicknesses forwhich the system is to be qualified. All steps shall be adjacentto the 100 % step for comparison purposes. The minimumdetectable differential thickness expressed as a percentage ofthe 100 % thickness shall be recorded. Measurement geometrysha
45、ll be the same as for the resolution tests outlined in 7.13.7.15 Qualification measurements for the performance of theradioscopic system shall be made using at least one type ofstandardized image quality indicator. The device(s) selectedshall be appropriate for the materials and thicknesses to which
46、they are applied. Such device(s) shall be capable of performingsimultaneous radioscopic resolution and contrast measure-ments on the material and thickness for which the system is tobe qualified. Suitable devices are described in, but not limitedto, Practices E 747, E 1025, E 1647, and E 2002, and t
47、heEN4625 Duplex Wire IQI standards. The device(s) used shallbe specified in the qualification report.7.15.1 Measurements shall be made for unprocessed andprocessed radioscopic images for the material at the minimumand maximum thicknesses for which the system is to bequalified.7.15.2 Measurements sha
48、ll be recorded for each imageconverter mode or field of view.7.15.3 Measurements shall be recorded for each radioscopicimage display and each image recording device.7.15.4 Resolution measurements shall be at right angles toeach other if the image quality measurement device hasdirectional characteris
49、tics as in the case of single or duplexwires. If the radioscopic system involves a raster scan in theimage formation process, resolution measurements shall bemade both parallel to and at right angles to the scan lines.7.15.5 Sufficient radioscopic system parameter settings shallbe recorded to allow the qualification measurements to berepeated. Required parameters include FDD, average FOD,average magnification, field of view at the part, kV, mA andfocal spot size. Where image processing is utilized, all appliedimage enhancement processes, including noise reduction, edgesharpening, c
