1、Designation: E 1411 09Standard Practice forQualification of Radioscopic Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides test and measurement details formeasuring the performance of X-ray and Gamma ray radio-scopic systems. Radioscopic examination
3、 applications arediverse. Therefore, system configurations are also diverse andconstantly changing as the technology advances.1.2 This practice is intended as a means of initially quali-fying and re-qualifying a radioscopic system for a specifiedapplication by determining its performance level when
4、oper-ated in a static mode. System architecture including the meansof radioscopic examination record archiving and the methodfor making the accept/reject decision are also unique systemfeatures and their effect upon system performance must beevaluated.1.3 The general principles, as stated in this pr
5、actice, applybroadly to transmitted-beam penetrating radiation radioscopysystems. Other radioscopic systems, such as those employingneutrons and Compton back-scattered X-ray imaging tech-niques, are not covered as they may involve equipment andapplication details unique to such systems.1.4 UnitsThe
6、values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
7、 safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For information onsafety requirements, refer to the applicable documents listed inSection 2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and MaterialGrouping Cla
8、ssification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1255 Practice for RadioscopyE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 1647 Pract
9、ice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity inRadiologyE 2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpnessin Radiology2.2 Other Standard:3EN 4622 Step Hole IQIEN 4625 Duplex Wire IQI3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, see Terminology E 1316.4. Summary of Pr
10、actice4.1 This practice provides a standardized procedure for theinitial qualification and requalification of a radioscopic systemto establish radioscopic examination capabilities for a specifiedrange of applications.4.2 This practice is intended for use in association with astandard practice govern
11、ing the use of radioscopic examina-tion, such as Practice E 1255.4.3 This practice specifies the procedures to be used indetermining the performance level of the radioscopic system.Unique system features, including component selection, sys-tem architecture, programmability and image archiving capa-b
12、ilities are important factors and are taken into account in thispractice. The overall system performance level, as well as keysystem features, are to be recorded in a qualification documentwhich shall qualify the performance level of the total radio-scopic system. An example of the Radioscopic Syste
13、m Quali-fication document form is included in the Appendix. Thisdocument may be tailored to suit the specific application.5. Significance and Use5.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic exami-nation is broadly applicable to the many materials and object1This practice is under the jurisdicti
14、on of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 1411 - 01(2006).2For refe
15、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43
16、rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.configurations which may be penetrated with X-rays or gammarays. The high degree of variation in architecture and perfor-mance a
17、mong radioscopic systems due to component selection,physical arrangement and object variables, makes it necessaryto establish the level of performance which the selectedradioscopic system is capable of achieving in specific applica-tions. The manufacturer of the radioscopic system, as well asthe use
18、r, require a common basis for determining the perfor-mance level of the radioscopic system.5.2 This practice does not purport to provide a method tomeasure the performance of individual radioscopic systemcomponents which are manufactured according to a variety ofindustry standards. This practice cov
19、ers measurement of thecombined performance of the radioscopic system elementswhen operated together as a functional radioscopic system.5.3 This practice addresses the performance of radioscopicsystems in the static mode only. Radioscopy can also be adynamic, real-time or near real-time examination t
20、echniquewhich can allow test-part motion as well as parameter changesduring the radioscopic examination process. The use of thispractice is not intended to be limiting concerning the use of thedynamic properties of radioscopy. Users of radioscopy arecautioned that the dynamic aspects of radioscopy c
21、an havebeneficial as well as detrimental effects upon system perfor-mance and must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.5.4 This qualification procedure is intended to benchmarkradioscopic system performance under selected operating con-ditions to provide a measure of system performance. Qualifi-cat
22、ion shall not restrict operation of the radioscopic system atother radioscopic examination parameter settings which mayprovide improved performance on actual examination objects.5.5 Radioscopic system performance measured pursuant tothis practice does not guarantee the level of performance whichmay
23、be realized in actual operation. The effects of object-geometry and orientation-generated scattered radiation cannotbe reliably predicted by a standardized examination. Allradioscopic systems age and degrade in performance as afunction of time. Maintenance and operator adjustments, if notcorrectly m
24、ade, can adversely affect the performance of radio-scopic systems.5.6 The performance of the radioscopic system operator inmanual and semi-automatic radioscopic systems is not takeninto account in this practice and can have a major effect uponradioscopic system performance. Operator qualifications a
25、re animportant aspect of system operation and should be covered ina separate written procedure.6. Application and Equipment Information Statement6.1 The following minimum application and qualificationstandard information shall be reported in the qualificationdocument.6.1.1 A brief statement about th
26、e intended application,6.1.2 Material(s) and thickness range(s) for which the sys-tem is to be qualified,6.1.3 Maximum test part size or radioscopic examinationenvelope,6.1.4 A brief statement about the kind of object featureswhich are to be detected,6.1.5 The required spatial resolution to resolve,
27、 or detect thepresence of, the smallest required feature dimension lying in aplane at right angles to the radiation beam. This value shall beexpressed in line-pairs per millimeter and is equal to thereciprocal of twice the required small feature size expressed inmillimeters,6.1.6 The required contra
28、st sensitivity to resolve, or detectthe presence of, the smallest feature dimension lying along theradiation beam expressed as a percentage of the total pathlength of the radiation beam in the material,6.1.7 The desired throughput requirements expressed inlinear and area dimensions per unit time, an
29、d6.1.8 The standardized image quality indicator to be used inqualifying the radioscopic system.6.2 The following minimum equipment information shall beincluded in the qualification document:6.2.1 The system make, model number, serial number, dateof manufacture and configuration,6.2.2 Radioscopic sca
30、n plan details and whether manual orprogrammable,6.2.3 Accept/Reject decision as to whether manual,computer-aided or fully automated, and6.2.4 Pertinent equipment details for each radioscopic sys-tem sub-system.6.3 This practice neither approves nor disapproves the useof the qualified radioscopic sy
31、stem for the specified applica-tion. It is intended only as a standardized means of evaluatingsystem performance.7. Qualification Procedure7.1 Before testing, the radioscopic system shall be deter-mined to be in good operating condition. Each sub-system shallbe checked to ascertain that it performs
32、according to themanufacturers specifications.7.2 The radioscopic system and each component thereofshall be operated within its ratings at all times during qualifi-cation.7.3 The radioscopic system shall be determined to be incompliance with applicable local, state and federal radiationsafety standar
33、ds. Proper procedures must be taken to safeguardpersonnel during the performance of these tests.7.4 The image display shall be placed in an area of subdued,controllable lighting which is free from glare and reflectionswhich might affect image assessment.7.5 The radioscopic system shall be at operati
34、ng tempera-ture and stabilized. All operator accessible operating controlsmay be adjusted as necessary to obtain the optimal imagequality.7.6 Maintenance adjustments shall not be made during theexamination process. If maintenance examinations are neces-sary, all affected examinations shall be repeat
35、ed.7.7 Where provided, beam collimators and diaphragms shallbe used to minimize scatter radiation thereby promoting thehighest quality radioscopic image.7.8 Radioscopic system performance shall be evaluated asto resolution and contrast sensitivity for the applicable materialover the range of minimum
36、 and maximum section thicknessesfor which the radioscopic system is to be qualified.E14110927.9 Each imager mode (field of view), radiation source focalspot size and imaging geometry which is to be used shall beevaluated. Any radioscopic examination geometry parameterwhich varies more than 620 % fro
37、m a tested geometry shall betreated as a new imaging geometry and must be evaluated.Imaging geometry parameters include FDD (focal detectordistance), FOD (focal object distance) and magnification.7.10 If the radioscopic system incorporates image process-ing, processed as well as unprocessed images s
38、hall be evalu-ated. All image processor enhancement functions used toproduce the processed radioscopic image must be recorded andare a part of the qualification record.7.11 If image recording devices are incorporated, each mustbe qualified as to playback quality with reference to theoriginal radiosc
39、opic image.7.12 Unprocessed resolution measurements shall be made atthe image converter with no additional absorber. Recorded datashall include FDD, FOV, spatial resolution, radiation sourceenergy and intensity for each imager mode and focal spot forwhich the radioscopic system is to be qualified. R
40、esolutionmeasurements shall be made using a line-pair gage consistingof equal width lead foil lines and spaces on an appropriate lowdensity substrate, such as plastic (suitable devices are de-scribed in 7.15). Horizontal (along the TV scan lines) andvertical (normal to TV scan lines) resolution shal
41、l be recorded.7.13 Unprocessed resolution measurements shall also bemade at the object region of interest average position duringmanipulation with no additional absorber. Recorded data shallinclude FDD, average FOD, magnification, field of view,spatial resolution, source energy and intensity for eac
42、h imagermode and focal spot which is to be qualified. Resolutionmeasurements shall be made using a line-pair gage consistingof equal width lead foil lines and spaces on a radiation-transparent substrate (suitable devices are described in 7.15).Horizontal (along TV or other scan lines) and vertical (
43、normalto TV or other scan lines) resolution shall be recorded.7.14 Unprocessed contrast sensitivity measurements shallbe made at the object position for the material over the rangeof the minimum and maximum thicknesses for which thesystem is to be qualified. Recorded data shall include field ofview,
44、 contrast sensitivity, source energy and intensity for eachimager mode and source tube focal spot for which theradioscopic system is to be qualified. Contrast sensitivitymeasurements shall be made by shims or a step wedge made ofthe material for which the system is to be qualified (seePractice E 164
45、7). The thickness increments shall represent atleast 100 %, 99 %, 98 % and 97 % of the minimum andmaximum thicknesses for which the system is to be qualified.All steps shall be adjacent to the 100 % step for comparisonpurposes. The minimum detectable differential thickness ex-pressed as a percentage
46、 of the 100 % thickness shall berecorded. Measurement geometry shall be the same as for theresolution tests outlined in 7.13.7.15 Qualification measurements for the performance of theradioscopic system shall be made using at least one type ofstandardized image quality indicator. The device(s) select
47、edshall be appropriate for the materials and thicknesses to whichthey are applied. Such device(s) shall be capable of performingsimultaneous radioscopic resolution and contrast measure-ments on the material and thickness for which the system is tobe qualified. Suitable devices are described in, but
48、not limitedto, Practices E 747, E 1025, E 1647, E 2002, EN 4625 (Du-plex Wire IQI standards), EN 4622 (Step Hole IQI standard).The device(s) used shall be specified in the qualification report.7.15.1 Measurements shall be made for unprocessed andprocessed radioscopic images for the material at the m
49、inimumand maximum thicknesses for which the system is to bequalified.7.15.2 Measurements shall be recorded for each imageconverter mode or field of view.7.15.3 Measurements shall be recorded for each radioscopicimage display and each image recording device.7.15.4 Resolution measurements shall be at right angles toeach other if the image quality measurement device hasdirectional characteristics as in the case of single or duplexwires. If the radioscopic system involves a raster scan in theimage formation process, resolution measurements shall bemade both parallel to and at right
