1、Designation: E1411 16Standard Practice forQualification of Radioscopic Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides test and measurement details formeasuring the performance of X-ray and gamma ray radio-scopic systems. Radioscopic examination a
3、pplications arediverse. Therefore, system configurations are also diverse andconstantly changing as the technology advances.1.2 This practice is intended as a means of initially quali-fying and re-qualifying a radioscopic system for a specifiedapplication by determining its performance level when op
4、er-ated in a static mode. System architecture including the meansof radioscopic examination record archiving and the methodfor making the accept/reject decision are also unique systemfeatures and their effect upon system performance must beevaluated.1.3 The general principles, as stated in this prac
5、tice, applybroadly to transmitted-beam penetrating radiation radioscopysystems. Other radioscopic systems, such as those employingneutrons and Compton back-scattered X-ray imagingtechniques, are not covered as they may involve equipment andapplication details unique to such systems.1.4 The user of t
6、his practice shall note that energies higherthan 320keV may require different methods than those de-scribed within this practice.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to addr
7、ess all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E747 Practice
8、for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-dicators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal
9、Spots ofIndustrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE1255 Practice for RadioscopyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1647 Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Ra-diologyE2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpnessand Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radios
10、-copyE2698 Practice for Radiological Examination Using DigitalDetector ArraysE2903 Test Method for Measurement of the Effective FocalSpot Size of Mini and Micro Focus X-ray Tubes2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 192322 Step Hole Image Quality IndicatorISO 192325 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator2.3 Other Sta
11、ndards:4EN 4622 Step Hole IQI (withdrawn and replaced with ISO192322)EN 4625 Duplex Wire IQI (withdrawn and replaced withISO 192325)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gam
12、ma) Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1411 - 2009. DOI: 10.1520/E1411-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
13、or Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.o
14、rg.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms us
15、ed in thispractice, see Terminology E1316.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 detector unsharpnessthe unsharpness of the detectorwith magnification 1 (IQI in contact to surface of the activearea of the detector) measured as described in 7.12. The valueis given in line-pairs/mm (
16、LP/mm) or m. A conversion tablecan be found in Practice E2002.3.2.2 system unsharpnessthe unsharpness of the systemwith given magnification measured as described in 7.13. Thevalue is given in line-pairs/mm (LP/mm) or m.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice provides a standardized procedure for the
17、initial qualification and requalification of a radioscopic systemto establish radioscopic examination capabilities for a specifiedrange of applications.4.2 This practice is intended for use in association with astandard practice governing the use of radioscopicexamination, such as Practice E1255.4.3
18、 This practice specifies the procedures to be used indetermining the performance level of the radioscopic system.Unique system features, including component selection, sys-tem architecture, programmability and image archiving capa-bilities are important factors and are taken into account in thisprac
19、tice. The overall system performance level, as well as keysystem features, are to be recorded in a qualification documentwhich shall qualify the performance level of the total radio-scopic system. An example of the Radioscopic System Quali-fication document form is included in the Appendix X1. Thisd
20、ocument may be tailored to suit the specific application andactual computer and storage technology.5. Significance and Use5.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic exami-nation is broadly applicable to the many materials and objectconfigurations which may be penetrated with X-rays or gammara
21、ys. The high degree of variation in architecture and perfor-mance among radioscopic systems due to component selection,physical arrangement, and object variables makes it necessaryto establish the level of performance that the selected radio-scopic system is capable of achieving in specific applicat
22、ions.The manufacturer of the radioscopic system, as well as theuser, require a common basis for determining the performancelevel of the radioscopic system.5.2 This practice does not purport to provide a method tomeasure the performance of individual radioscopic systemcomponents that are manufactured
23、 according to a variety ofindustry standards. This practice covers measurement of thecombined performance of the radioscopic system elementswhen operated together as a functional radioscopic system.5.3 This practice addresses the performance of radioscopicsystems in the static mode only. Radioscopy
24、can also be adynamic, real-time or near real-time examination techniquethat can allow test-part motion as well as parameter changesduring the radioscopic examination process. The use of thispractice is not intended to be limiting concerning the use of thedynamic properties of radioscopy. Users of ra
25、dioscopy arecautioned that the dynamic aspects of radioscopy can havebeneficial as well as detrimental effects upon system perfor-mance and must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.5.4 This qualification procedure is intended to benchmarkradioscopic system performance under selected operating con-d
26、itions to provide a measure of system performance. Qualifi-cation shall not restrict operation of the radioscopic system atother radioscopic examination parameter settings, which mayprovide improved performance on actual examination objects.5.5 Radioscopic system performance measured pursuant tothis
27、 practice does not guarantee the level of performance whichmay be realized in actual operation. The effects of object-geometry and orientation-generated scattered radiation cannotbe reliably predicted by a standardized examination. Allradioscopic systems age and degrade in performance as afunction o
28、f time. Maintenance and operator adjustments, if notcorrectly made, can adversely affect the performance of radio-scopic systems.5.6 The performance of the radioscopic system operator inmanual and semi-automatic radioscopic systems is not takeninto account in this practice and can have a major effec
29、t uponradioscopic system performance. Operator qualifications are animportant aspect of system operation and should be covered ina separate written procedure.6. Application and Equipment Information Statement6.1 The following minimum application and qualificationstandard information shall be reporte
30、d in the qualificationdocument:6.1.1 A brief statement about the intended application,6.1.2 Material(s) and thickness range(s) for which the sys-tem is to be qualified,6.1.3 Maximum test part size or radioscopic examinationenvelope,6.1.4 A brief statement about the kind of object featureswhich are t
31、o be detected,6.1.5 The required system unsharpness to resolve, or detectthe presence of, the smallest required feature dimension lyingin a plane at right angles to the radiation beam. This value shallbe expressed in LP/mm and is equal to the reciprocal of twicethe required small feature size expres
32、sed in mm,6.1.6 The required contrast sensitivity to resolve, or detectthe presence of, the smallest feature dimension lying along theradiation beam expressed as a percentage of the total pathlength of the radiation beam in the material,6.1.7 The desired throughput requirements expressed inlinear an
33、d area dimensions per unit time, and6.1.8 The standardized image quality indicator to be used inqualifying the radioscopic system.6.2 The following minimum equipment information shall beincluded in the qualification document:6.2.1 The system make, model number, serial number, dateof manufacture and
34、configuration,6.2.2 Radioscopic scan plan details and whether manual orprogrammable,E1411 1626.2.3 Accept/Reject decision as to whether manual,computer-aided or fully automated, and6.2.4 Pertinent equipment details for each radioscopic sys-tem sub-system.6.3 This practice neither approves nor disapp
35、roves the useof the qualified radioscopic system for the specified applica-tion. It is intended only as a standardized means of evaluatingsystem performance.7. Qualification Procedure7.1 Before testing, the radioscopic system shall be deter-mined to be in good operating condition. Each sub-system sh
36、allbe checked to ascertain that it performs according to themanufacturers specifications.7.2 The radioscopic system and each component thereofshall be operated within its ratings at all times during qualifi-cation.7.3 The radioscopic system shall be determined to be incompliance with applicable loca
37、l, state, and federal radiationsafety standards. Proper procedures must be taken to safeguardpersonnel during the performance of these tests.7.4 The image display shall be placed in an area of subdued,controllable lighting that is free from glare and reflections thatmight affect image assessment. Wh
38、en using a computer moni-tor for display the images, the monitor shall fulfill the require-ments described in Practice E2698.7.5 The radioscopic system shall be at operating tempera-ture and stabilized. All operator accessible operating controlsmay be adjusted as necessary to obtain the optimal imag
39、equality.7.6 Maintenance adjustments shall not be made during theexamination process. If maintenance examinations arenecessary, all affected examinations shall be repeated.7.7 Where provided, beam collimators and diaphragms shallbe used to minimize scatter radiation thereby promoting thehighest qual
40、ity radioscopic image.7.8 Radioscopic system performance shall be evaluated asto unsharpness and contrast sensitivity for the applicablematerial over the range of minimum and maximum sectionthicknesses for which the radioscopic system is to be qualified.7.9 Each imager mode (field of view), radiatio
41、n source focalspot size and imaging geometry that is to be used shall beevaluated. The focal spot size shall be measured by TestMethods E1165 or E2903 for microfocus tubes; for fixed focustubes the focal spot size given by the manufacturer of the tubemay be used for calculation of system unsharpness
42、. Anyradioscopic examination geometry parameter which variesmore than 620 % from a tested geometry shall be treated as anew imaging geometry and must be evaluated. Imaging geom-etry parameters include FDD (focal detector distance), FOD(focal object distance), and magnification.7.10 If the radioscopi
43、c system incorporates imageprocessing, processed as well as unprocessed images shall beevaluated. All image processor enhancement functions used toproduce the processed radioscopic image must be recorded andare a part of the qualification record.7.11 If image recording devices are incorporated, each
44、 mustbe qualified as to playback quality with reference to theoriginal radioscopic image.7.12 Unprocessed detector unsharpness measurements shallbe made at the image converter with no additional absorber.Recorded data shall include FDD, FOV, unsharpness, radiationsource energy and intensity for each
45、 imager mode and focalspot for which the radioscopic system is to be qualified.Unsharpness measurements shall be made using a line-pairgauge consisting of equal width lead foil lines and spaces on anappropriate low density substrate, such as plastic, or the duplexwire gauge (suitable devices are des
46、cribed in 7.15). Horizontal(along the TV scan lines) and vertical (normal to TV scan lines)resolution shall be recorded.7.13 Unprocessed system unsharpness measurements shallalso be made at the object region of interest average positionduring manipulation with no additional absorber. Recordeddata sh
47、all include FDD, average FOD, magnification, field ofview, system unsharpness, source energy and intensity for eachimager mode and focal spot which is to be qualified. Resolu-tion measurements shall be made using a line-pair gaugeconsisting of equal width lead foil lines and spaces on aradiation-tra
48、nsparent substrate, or the duplex wire gauge (suit-able devices are described in 7.15). Horizontal (along TV orother scan lines) and vertical (normal to TV or other scan lines)resolution shall be recorded.7.14 Unprocessed contrast sensitivity measurements shallbe made at the object position for the
49、material over the rangeof the minimum and maximum thicknesses for which thesystem is to be qualified. Recorded data shall include field ofview, contrast sensitivity, source energy and intensity for eachimager mode and source tube focal spot for which theradioscopic system is to be qualified. Contrast sensitivitymeasurements shall be made by shims or a step wedge made ofthe material for which the system is to be qualified (seePractice E1647). The thickness increments shall represent atleast 100 %, 99 %, 98 % and 97 % of the minimum andmaximum thicknesses for which th
