1、Designation: E 1416 04Standard Test Method forRadioscopic Examination of Weldments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1416; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for radio-scopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed inthis test method are intended to
3、control the quality of theradioscopic images and are not intended for controlling accept-ability or quality of welds.1.2 This test method applies only to the use of equipmentfor radioscopic examination in which the image is finallypresented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. Theexamina
4、tion may be recorded for later review. It does not applyto fully automated systems where evaluation is automaticallyperformed by computer.1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the accep-tance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract,purchase order, product specification
5、, or drawings.1.4 This test method can be used for the detection ofdiscontinuities. This test method also facilitates the examina-tion of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular tothe weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. Theradioscopic techniques described in this test method
6、 provideadequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it isrecognized that, for special applications, specific techniquesusing more stringent requirements may be needed to provideadditional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopictechniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser
7、 and sup-plier.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in brackets are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this sta
8、ndard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 543 Practice for Agencies
9、 Performing NondestructiveTestingE 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1000 Guide for RadioscopyE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi
10、-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1255 Practice for RadioscopyE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ASNT Standards:3ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A PersonnelQualification and Certification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189-ASNT Standard for Qualification andCertificat
11、ion of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 National Aerospace Standard:4NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructivePersonnel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this test method maybe found in Terminology E 1316.4. Apparatus4.1 Radiation Source (X-ray
12、or Gamma-ray)Selection ofthe appropriate source is dependent upon variables regardingthe weld being examined, such as material composition andthickness. The suitability of the source shall be demonstrated1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and i
13、s the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as E 1416 - 96.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orco
14、ntact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Ava
15、ilable from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.by attainment of the required image quality and comp
16、liancewith all other requirements stipulated herein. Guidance on theselection of the radiation source may be found in Guide E 1000and Practice E 1255.4.2 Manipulation SystemSelection of the appropriate ma-nipulation system (where applicable) is dependent upon vari-ables such as the size and orientat
17、ion of the object beingexamined and the range of motions, speed of manipulation, andsmoothness of motion. The suitability of the manipulationsystem shall be demonstrated by attainment of the requiredimage quality and compliance with all other requirementsstipulated herein. Guidance on the selection
18、of the manipula-tion system may be found in Practice E 1255.4.3 Imaging SystemSelection of the appropriate imagingsystem is dependent upon variables such as the size of theobject being examined and the energy and intensity of theradiation used for the examination. The suitability of theimaging syste
19、m shall be demonstrated by attainment of therequired image quality and compliance with all other require-ments stipulated herein. Guidance on the selection of animaging system may be found in Guide E 1000 and PracticeE 1255.4.4 Image Processing SystemWhere agreed between pur-chaser and supplier, ima
20、ge processing systems may be used fornoise reduction through image integration or averaging, con-trast enhancement and other image processing operations.4.5 CollimationSelection of appropriate collimation isdependent upon the geometry of the object being examined. Itis generally useful to select col
21、limation to limit the primaryradiation beam to the weld and the immediately adjacent basematerial in order to improve radioscopic image quality.4.6 Filters and MaskingFilters and masking may be usedto improve image quality from contrast reductions caused bylow-energy scattered radiation. Guidance on
22、 the use of filtersand masking can be found in Guide E 94.4.7 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Unless otherwisespecified by the applicable job order or contract, image qualityindicators shall comply with the design and identificationrequirements specified in Practices E 747 or E 1025.4.8 Shims, Separat
23、e Blocks, or Like SectionsShims, sepa-rate blocks, or like sections made of the same or radioscopi-cally similar materials (as defined in Practice E 1025) may beused to facilitate image quality indicator positioning as de-scribed in 9.10.3. The like section should be geometricallysimilar to the obje
24、ct being examined.4.9 Location and Identification MarkersLead numbersand letters should be used to designate the part number andlocation number. The size and thickness of the markers shalldepend on the ability of the radioscopic technique to discernthe markers on the images. As a general rule, marke
25、rs from0.06 to 0.12 in. 1.5 to 3 mm thick will suffice for most lowenergy (less than 1 MeV) X-ray and iridium192radioscopy. Forhigher energy (greater than 1 MeV and cobalt60) radioscopy, itmay be necessary to use markers that are thicker (0.12 in. 3mm thick or more). In cases where the system being
26、usedprovides a display of object position within the image, thisshall be acceptable as identification of object location.5. Materials5.1 Recording MediaRecording media for storage ofimages shall be in a format agreed by the purchaser andsupplier. This may include either analog or digital media.6. Ba
27、sis of Application6.1 Personnel QualificationNDT personnel shall bequalified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDTpersonnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, or a similar document.The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shallb
28、e specified in the contractual agreement between the usingparties.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing AgenciesIfspecified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall bequalified and evaluated as described in Practice E 543. Theapplicable edition of Practice E 543 shall be specified in t
29、hecontractual agreement.6.3 Time of ExaminationThe time of examination shall bein accordance with 9.1 unless otherwise specified.6.4 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures and tech-niques to be utilized shall be as described in this test methodunless otherwise specified. Specific techniques may be
30、speci-fied in the contractual agreement.6.5 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination shallbe in accordance with 8.3 unless otherwise specified.6.6 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-teria for the examination results shall be in accordance withSection 10 unless otherwise specif
31、ied. Acceptance criteria shallbe specified in the contractual agreement.6.7 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed inthis test method and if required shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.7. Safety7.1 Radioscopic procedures shall co
32、mply with applicablecity, state, and federal safety regulations.8. Requirements8.1 Procedure RequirementUnless otherwise specified bythe applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examinationshall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.Specific requirements regarding the preparation
33、and approvalof the written procedures shall be as agreed by purchaser andsupplier. The production procedure shall address all applicableportions of this test method and shall be available for reviewduring interpretation of the images. The written procedure shallinclude the following:8.1.1 Material a
34、nd thickness range to be examined,8.1.2 Equipment to be used, including specifications ofsource parameters (such as tube voltage, current, focal spotsize) and imaging equipment parameters (such as detector size,field of view, electronic magnification, camera black level,gain),8.1.3 Examination geome
35、try, including source-to-object dis-tance, object-to-detector distance and orientation,8.1.4 Image quality indicator designation and placement,E14160428.1.5 Test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motionsand manipulation speeds through which the test object shall bemanipulated in order to ens
36、ure satisfactory results (see descrip-tion in 5.2.1.2 of Practice E 1255),8.1.6 Image-processing parameters,8.1.7 Image-display parameters, and8.1.8 Image storage.8.2 Radioscopic CoverageUnless otherwise specified bypurchaser and supplier agreement, the extent of radioscopiccoverage shall include 10
37、0 % of the volume of the weld and theadjacent base metal.8.3 Examination SpeedFor dynamic examination, thespeed of object motion relative to the radiation source anddetector shall be controlled to ensure that the required radio-scopic quality level is achieved.8.4 Radioscopic Image QualityAll images
38、 shall be free ofmarks or other blemishes that could mask or be confused withthe image of any discontinuity in the area of interest. It may bepossible to prevent blemishes from masking discontinuities orbeing confused with discontinuities by moving the object beingexamined relative to the imaging de
39、vice. If any doubt exists asto the true nature of an indication exhibited in the image, theimage shall be rejected and a new image of the area shall bemade.8.5 Radioscopic Quality LevelRadioscopic quality levelshall be determined upon agreement between the purchaser andsupplier and shall be specifie
40、d in the applicable job order orcontract. Radioscopic quality shall be specified in terms ofequivalent penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and shall be measuredusing image quality indicators conforming to Practices E 747or E 1025.8.6 Acceptance LevelAccept and reject levels shall bestipulated by the appl
41、icable contract, job order, drawing, orother purchaser and supplier agreement.8.7 Image-Viewing FacilitiesViewing facilities shall pro-vide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will notcause troublesome reflection, shadows, or glare on the image.8.8 Storage of ImagesWhen storage is requi
42、red by theapplicable job order or contract, the images should be stored ina format stipulated by the applicable contract, job order,drawing, or other purchaser and supplier agreement. Theimage-storage duration and location shall be as agreed betweenpurchaser and supplier.9. Procedure9.1 Time of Exam
43、inationUnless otherwise specified bythe applicable job order or contract, perform radioscopy priorto heat treatment.9.2 Surface PreparationUnless otherwise agreed upon,remove the weld bead ripple or weld-surface irregularities onboth the inside and outside (where accessible) by any suitableprocess s
44、o that the image of the irregularities cannot mask, orbe confused with, the image of any discontinuity. Interpretationcan be optimized if surface irregularities are removed such thatthe image of the irregularities is not discernible.9.3 Source to Detector DistanceUnless otherwise speci-fied in the a
45、pplicable job order or contract, geometric unsharp-ness (Ug) shall not exceed the following:Material Thickness Ug, max, in. mmunder 2 in. 50 mm 0.020 0.502 through 3 in. 50 through 75 mm 0.030 0.75over 3 through 4 in. 75 through 100 mm 0.040 1.00greater than 4 in. 100 mm 0.070 1.75Determine geometri
46、c unsharpness values as specified inGuide E 94.9.4 Examination SpeedFor dynamic examination, deter-mine the speed of object motion relative to the radiation sourceand detector upon agreement between the purchaser andsupplier. Base this determination upon the achievement of therequired radioscopic qu
47、ality level at that examination speed.9.5 Direction of the RadiationDirect the central beam ofradiation perpendicularly toward the center of the effective areaof the detector or to a plane tangent to the center of the image,to the maximum extent possible, except for double-wallexposure-double-wall v
48、iewing elliptical projection techniques,as described in 9.14.2.9.6 Scattered RadiationScattered radiation (radiationscattered from the test object and from surrounding structures)reduces radioscopic contrast and may produce undesirableeffects on radioscopic quality. Use precautions such as colli-mat
49、ion of the source, collimation of the detector, and additionalshielding as appropriate to minimize the detrimental effects ofthis scattered radiation.9.7 Image Quality Indicator SelectionFor selection of theimage quality indicator, the thickness on which the imagequality indicator is based is the single-wall thickness plus thelesser of the actual or allowable reinforcement. Backing stripsor rings are not considered as part of the weld or reinforcementthickness for image quality indicator selection. For any thick-ness, an image qualit
