1、Designation: E1417/E1417M 16Standard Practice forLiquid Penetrant Testing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1417/E1417M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements forconducti
3、ng liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal,and nonmetal components.NOTE 1This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866.1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in thispractice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance(in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable forthe
4、detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion,corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are openor connected to the surface of the component under examina-tion.1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevatedtemperature with components manufactured from thermoplas-tic mate
5、rials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developerscan have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such asplastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted toensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials areharmful to the components to be examined.1.4 UnitsThe values st
6、ated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.
7、5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and thesupplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theres
8、ponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice tothe extent specified herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:2D95
9、 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD2512 Test Method for Compatibility of Materials withLiquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and Pass-Fail Techniques)D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Add
10、itives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo-rescent PenetrantsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE22
11、97 Guide for Use of UV-Aand Visible Light Sources andMeters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic ParticleMethodsE3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used inFluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing2.3 ASNT Standards:3ANSI/ASNT
12、-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of Nondestructive Testing PersonnelSNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct
13、responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on LiquidPenetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.Current edition approved June 15, 2016. Published July 2016. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1417/E1417M 13.DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
14、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate L
15、n., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.4 Military Standards:4, 5MIL-STD-792 Identification Marking Requirement
16、s forSpecial Purpose ComponentsQPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products List, InspectionMaterial, PenetrantMIL-STD-45662 Calibration System Requirements2.5 ANSI/ISO/AIA Standards:6ANSI/NCSL Z540-1 General Requirement for CalibrationLaboratories and Measuring Test EquipmentISO 10012 Measurement Management Sys
17、temsRequirements for Measuring Measurement Process andMeasuring EquipmentNAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel2.6 SAE Standard:7AMS 2644 Inspection Material, PenetrantAMS 2175A Castings, Classification and Inspection of2.7 DoD ContractsUnless otherwise specified, th
18、e issuesof the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in theissue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci-fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.2.8 Order of PrecedenceIn the event of conflict betweenthe text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text
19、of this practice takes precedence.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The terminology relating to liquid penetrant examina-tion that appears in Terminology E1316 shall apply to the termsused in this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aerospaceany component that will be
20、 installed on asystem that flies.3.2.2 cognizant engineering organization (CEO)Reference Terminology Standard E1316.3.2.3 componentthe part(s) or element(s) of a systemdescribed, assembled, or processed to the extent specified bythe drawing.3.2.4 final examinationthe final examination performedfor t
21、he acceptance of the item.Any change to the items surfacesuch as machining, grinding, welding, heat treatment, oretching by subsequent manufacturing operation, may renderthe previous examination invalid, requiring reexamination ofall affected surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract.3.2.5
22、 in-processthat which occurs during manufacturingbefore a component is in final form.3.2.6 in-servicerefers to components that are in use orstorage for their intended function.3.2.7 linear indicationpenetrant indications with at least athree to one length to width ratio.3.2.8 reprocessrepeat, after
23、cleaning, the application andappropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as required),and developer (as required).3.2.9 rounded indicationpenetrant indication whoselength to width ratio is less than three-to-one.3.2.10 supplierthe organization contracted to supply thematerial, parts, or assembl
24、y.3.2.11 turbine engine critical componentsany componenton turbine engine designated by the manufacturer as “critical.”4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-trolling the application of the liquid penetrant method. Thispractice is written so it can be speci
25、fied on the engineeringdrawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-toprocedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must besupplemented by a detailed procedure that conforms to therequirements of this practice. Specification E165 containsinformation to help develop detailed
26、requirements.5. Classification5.1 Penetrant examination processes and materials are clas-sified in accordance with the material classification containedin AMS 2644. Penetrant systems covered by this practice shallbe of the following types, methods, and sensitivity levels:5.1.1 Type:5.1.1.1 Type IFlu
27、orescent dye.5.1.1.2 Type IIVisible dye.5.1.2 Method:5.1.2.1 Method AWater washable.5.1.2.2 Method BPost-emulsifiable, lipophilic.5.1.2.3 Method CSolvent-removable.5.1.2.4 Method DPost-emulsifiable, hydrophilic.5.1.3 Sensitivity(These levels apply to Type I penetrantsystems only. Type II penetrant s
28、ystems have only a singlesensitivity and it is not represented by any of the levels listedas follows):5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level12 Very low.5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1Low.5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Level 2Medium.5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3High.5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4Ultrahigh.5.2 Developers shall be of
29、the following forms:5.2.1 Form aDry powder.5.2.2 Form bWater-soluble.5.2.3 Form cWater-suspendable.5.2.4 Form dNonaqueous for Type I fluorescent pen-etrant.5.2.5 Form eNonaqueous for Type II visible dye.5.2.6 Form fSpecific application.5.3 Solvent removers shall be of the following classes:5.3.1 Cla
30、ss 1Halogenated.5.3.2 Class 2Nonhalogenated.4Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required bymanufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtainedfrom the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.5Available from Standardiz
31、ation Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.6Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.7Available from SAE International (SAE), 400
32、Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.E1417/E1417M 1625.3.3 Class 3Specific application.6. General Practices6.1 Responsibility for ExaminationUnless otherwisespecified in the contract or purchase order, the cognizantengineering organization is responsible for the performance
33、ofall examination requirements as specified herein. The cogni-zant engineering organization may specify more stringentrequirements than the minimum specified in this practice whennecessary to ensure that a component meets its functional andreliability requirements. Except as otherwise specified, the
34、supplier may utilize his own facilities or any other facilitiessuitable for the performance of the examination requirementsspecified herein. The purchaser reserves the right to performany of the examinations set forth in this practice where suchexaminations are deemed necessary to ensure that suppli
35、es andservices conform to prescribed requirements.6.2 SpecifyingWhen examination is required in accor-dance with this practice the orders, contracts, or other appro-priate documents shall specify the criteria by which theacceptability of components is to be evaluated. Engineeringdrawings or other ap
36、plicable documents shall indicate theacceptance criteria for the entire component; zoning may beused. Examination on a sampling basis shall not be allowedunless specifically permitted by the contract.6.3 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing exami-nations to this practice shall be qualified an
37、d certified inaccordance with ASNT Personnel Qualification SNT-TC-1A,ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 or NAS 410 for military purposes, or asspecified in the contract or purchase order.6.4 Agency QualificationThe agency performing thispractice may be evaluated in accordance with SpecificationE543.6.5 Materials:6.5.
38、1 Qualified MaterialsOnly materials listed or ap-proved for listing on QPL-AMS-2644 (reference AMS 2644)shall be utilized for penetrant examination. Materials notconforming to the requirements of AMS 2644 may be usedonly when a waiver is obtained from the cognizant engineeringorganization.6.5.2 Liqu
39、id Oxygen (LOX) Compatible MaterialsPenetrant materials tested in accordance with Test MethodD2512 and passing at 70 ftlbf 95 J or higher, shall be used onLOX wetted surfaces that cannot be thoroughly post-cleaned.Use of these materials shall be in accordance with the materialsupplier instructions a
40、nd shall require approval of the cogni-zant engineering organization when such materials do not meetthe requirements of AMS 2644.6.6 Equipment and FacilitiesProcessing equipment usedin the penetrant examination process shall be constructed andarranged to permit a uniform and controlled operation. Th
41、eequipment shall meet all applicable national and local safetyrequirements as well as the requirements specified herein.6.6.1 Viewing AreasAreas where parts are reviewed shallbe kept clean at all times. For visible dye examination, Type II,the lighting system shall provide at least 100 fc 1076 lx of
42、visible light when measured at the examination surface. Forstationary fluorescent dye examination, Type I, the ambientvisible light background shall not exceed 2 fc 21.5 lx at theexamination surface. The black lights shall provide a minimumof 1000 W/cm2at the examination surface. Black lights shallm
43、eet the requirements of 7.8.4.1. Viewing areas for portablefluorescent dye examination shall utilize dark canvas, photog-raphers black cloth, or other methods to reduce the visiblelight background to the lowest possible level during examina-tion and black light intensity shall meet the above require
44、-ments.6.6.1.1 Where lamps are physically too large to directlyilluminate the examination surface, special lighting, such asUV pencil lights, or UV light guides, or remote visualexamination equipment shall be used. When using a borescope,the image viewed must have sufficient resolution to effectivel
45、yevaluate the indication. Light intensity shall be measured at theexpected working distance and shall be a minimum 1000W/cm2.6.6.1.2 LED UV-Alamps used for evaluation purposes shallcomply with Practice E3022.6.6.2 Drying OvenWhen components are oven dried, thedryer must be a forced-air recirculating
46、 type. In automatedsystems, where parts are dried by radiant heat and forced air,the travel speed of the system shall be such as to precludeoverdrying of parts. The forced air does not have to berecirculating but must preclude contamination of the parts. Thetemperature shall be controlled with a cal
47、ibrated device ca-pable of maintaining the oven temperature at 615F 8.3C ofthe temperature for which it is set. The oven shall not exceed160F 71C. The temperature indicator shall be accurate to610F 5.6C of the actual oven temperature.6.7 Written ProceduresAll liquid penetrant examinationprocedures a
48、re similar for many components, a master writtenprocedure may be utilized that covers the details common to avariety of components. All written procedures, including tech-nique sheets for specific parts shall be approved by anindividual who is a qualified and certified Level III forpenetrant examina
49、tion in accordance with the requirements of6.3. As a minimum, the following information is requiredeither in individual procedures, specific technique sheets, or amaster procedure, or a combination thereof:6.7.1 Details of the precleaning and etching process, includ-ing the materials used and specification or other documentcontrolling the examination process, the drying parameters andthe processing times. If these operations are performed byother than examination personnel, details concerning the op-erations
